{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1781059848002,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022R1A2B5B03001792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B03001792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During an infection, prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) mediates immune responses in insects and later epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are produced from linoleic acid to suppress excessive and unnecessary immune responses. Intracellular signaling pathway by which these oxylipins suppress the immune responses was previously unclear. This study demonstrated that EpOMEs antagonize the secondary messengers induced by PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in a lepidopteran species, <jats:italic>Maruca vitrata<\/jats:italic>. PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> injections significantly increased hemocyte-spreading behavior, along with raised calcium ion and cAMP levels in hemocytes, and also up-regulated phenoloxidase activity and expressions of antimicrobial peptides. These cellular and humoral immune responses induced by PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were dose-dependently inhibited by EpOMEs, with 12,13-EpOME being more effective than 9,10-EpOME in immunosuppression. PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> treatment also elevated the total number of circulating hemocytes, with the majority (88.4%) of these increased hemocytes being granulocytes. Conversely, EpOMEs suppressed the up-regulation of total hemocyte count induced by PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and directly reduced the total hemocyte count by inducing apoptosis in granulocytes, as visualized by the TUNEL assay. These immunosuppressive and cytotoxic effects suggest the potential of EpOME as a lead compound for developing a novel type of insecticides. To chemically stabilize EpOMEs, the epoxide group was replaced with a propoxide group, and the carboxylic terminal was methylated. The 12-propoxyl regioisomer was selected based on immunosuppressive bioassays. Further investigation of the two possible enantiomers of 12-propoxyl regioisomer showed that the 12<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>-enantiomer was more effective than the 12<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-enantiomer in immunosuppression. The resulting 12<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>-propoxy octadecamonoenoic methyl ester displayed insecticidal activities at low nanogram levels per insect by hemocoelic injection and at &lt;\u2009 50\u2009ppm by the leaf-dipping method against three lepidopteran insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T17:50:28Z","timestamp":1746640228000},"page":"e0320488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antagonistic control of intracellular signals by EpOMEs in hemocytes induced by PGE2 and their chemical modification for a potent insecticide"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Niayesh","family":"Shahmohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Haraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falguni","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5shild Moi","family":"S\u00f8rsk\u00e5r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parastoo Ebrahimi","family":"Danielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Vik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-2167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yonggyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0320488.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615","article-title":"The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"25","author":"B Lemaitre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0320488.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.611","article-title":"Biological mediators of insect 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