{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:44:39Z","timestamp":1781736279940,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec019\">\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study investigated the risk factors of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC)-related phlebitis in critically ill patients according to the duration of catheter dwelling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec020\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a post-hoc analysis of the AMOR-VENUS study involving 23 intensive care units (ICUs) in Japan. We included patients aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 admitted to the ICU and had PIVCs inserted during ICU admission. The primary outcome measure was phlebitis, and the risk factors of phlebitis were evaluated based on hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The duration of catheter dwelling was classified as (i) \u2264 24\u2009h; (ii) &gt; 24\u2009h,\u2009\u2264\u200972\u2009h; and (iii) &gt; 72\u2009h. Multivariable marginal Cox regression analysis was performed using the presumed risk factors for each group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 1,335 patients and 3,348 PIVCs were evaluated. Among patients with\u2009\u2264\u200924\u2009h of catheter dwelling, phlebitis occurrence was associated with ICU admission for non-surgical management with ICU admission for elective surgery as the reference, standardized drug administration in the ICU, and dexmedetomidine administration in the ICU. Among those with\u2009&gt;\u200924\u2009h but\u2009\u2264\u200972\u2009h of catheter dwelling, it was associated with male sex with female sex as the reference, tetrafluoroethylene as the catheter material with polyurethane as the reference, nicardipine administration, and noradrenaline administration. Among those with\u2009&gt;\u200972\u2009h of catheter dwelling, it was associated with a catheter size\u2009\u2265\u200918 G and nicardipine administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The risk factors for phlebitis varied with the duration of catheter dwelling. Individualized catheter management, considering the duration of catheter dwelling, may help avoid phlebitis in patients admitted to the ICU.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T18:05:21Z","timestamp":1746813921000},"page":"e0320583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk factors of phlebitis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit vary according to the duration of catheter dwelling: A post-hoc analysis of the AMOR-VENUS study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Shinzato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-1595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideto","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Moriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Taira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1989-656X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kashiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9532-2859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuki","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Sekine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9113-6151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Shime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Morikane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the AMOR-VENUS study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0320583.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.09.003","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access in the intensive care unit","volume":"25","author":"SC Gregg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00518-4","article-title":"Occurrence and incidence rate of peripheral intravascular catheter-related phlebitis and complications in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study (AMOR-VENUS study)","volume":"9","author":"H Yasuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0320583.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2015.58.11.454","article-title":"Compartment syndrome due to extravasation of peripheral parenteral nutrition: extravasation injury of parenteral nutrition","volume":"58","author":"HJ Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref004","first-page":"307","article-title":"Skin necrosis induced by extravasation of glycerol-containing peripheral parenteral nutrition formulation","volume":"40","author":"GS Sacks","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Miss State Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00038","article-title":"Skin necrosis after extravasation of low-dose vasopressin administered for septic shock","volume":"30","author":"JM Kahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01009-5","article-title":"Risk factors for peripheral intravascular catheter-related phlebitis in critically ill patients: analysis of 3429 catheters from 23 Japanese intensive care units","volume":"12","author":"H Yasuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113702","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of the risks associated with peripheral intravenous catheters","volume":"118","author":"IB Tager","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0320583.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-10-845","article-title":"Risk factors for infusion-related phlebitis with small peripheral venous catheters. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"DG Maki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0320583.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"12","author":"E von Elm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"H Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90381-4","article-title":"APACHE-II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis","volume":"2","author":"M Larvin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240069035","article-title":"A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European\/North American multicenter study","volume":"270","author":"JR Le Gall","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00016","article-title":"Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction\/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective studyWorking group on \u201csepsis-related problems\u201d of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26","author":"JL Vincent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"pone.0320583.ref014","first-page":"S1-92","article-title":"Infusion nursing standards of practice","volume":"29","author":"Infusion Nurses Society","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)70063-X","article-title":"Safety of prolonging peripheral cannula and i.v. tubing use from 72 hours to 96 hours","volume":"26","author":"KK Lai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320583.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653.e9\u2013653.17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.01.014","article-title":"A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters","volume":"30","author":"OM Loubani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14476","article-title":"Mechanical stimulation is a risk factor for phlebitis associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheter in neonates","volume":"63","author":"A Igarashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2015.01114","article-title":"The relationship between the tip position of an indwelling venous catheter and the subcutaneous edema","volume":"9","author":"R Murayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio Sci Trends"},{"key":"pone.0320583.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03410.x","article-title":"The handling of peripheral venous catheters--from non-compliance to evidence-based needs","volume":"19","author":"D Hasselberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0320583.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.013","article-title":"Reduction of nicardipine-related phlebitis in patients with acute stroke by diluting its concentration","volume":"27","author":"K Kawada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0320583.ref021","first-page":"e162-e193","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections","volume":"52","author":"NP O\u2019Grady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T18:05:31Z","timestamp":1746813931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320583"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Savvas,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}