{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:58:02Z","timestamp":1786687082747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities, and these emissions impact the carbon cycle for hundreds to thousands of years. As carbon dioxide removal strategies to address this challenge continue to be explored and scaled, faster methodologies with high accuracy and precision are required to support the carbon measurements on which these strategies hinge. Of the many available methods to measure soil inorganic carbon, only a select few satisfy all the following criteria: measure inorganic carbon directly, use standardized equipment, perform the measurement automatically, and operate at high throughput. In this work we present a robust protocol for the sensitive and specific quantification of inorganic carbon from soils using gas chromatography to quantify carbon dioxide evolved from carbonates in soil with sulfamic acid. We demonstrate the precision of this method with purified carbonates, carbonate minerals, biogenic carbonates, and agricultural soil samples. We also demonstrate the accuracy of this method by adding known amounts of calcium carbonate to a variety of soil matrices. We find that sulfamic acid is well suited for carbonate dissolution and is compatible with gas chromatography applications, and we note that the method generates results that are equivalent to the typical methods used in this field. This method is compatible with automation and operation at a greater scale and enables the creation of higher resolution soil inorganic carbon datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T17:26:52Z","timestamp":1746466012000},"page":"e0320778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantification of soil inorganic carbon using sulfamic acid and gas chromatography"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-4998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Yip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-0291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip D.","family":"Weyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Wemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn A.","family":"Traag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3471-0581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Fuenzalida-Meriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0320778.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201611036","article-title":"Climate change and the scope for global greenhouse gas reductions","author":"J Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"CABI Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0320778.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13753","article-title":"Widespread production of nonmicrobial greenhouse gases in soils","volume":"23","author":"B Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320778.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12552","article-title":"Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions","volume":"36","author":"GA Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Use and Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0320778.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082015","article-title":"Anthropogenic aerosols, greenhouse gases, and the uptake, transport, and storage of excess heat in the climate system","volume":"46","author":"DB Irving","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0320778.ref005","volume-title":"Global Warming of 1.5\u00b0C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty","author":"IPCC","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0320778.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2319436121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319436121","article-title":"Enhanced weathering in the US corn belt delivers carbon removal with agronomic benefits","volume":"121","author":"DJ Beerling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pone.0320778.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2024.116831","article-title":"Inorganic carbon is overlooked in global soil carbon research: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"443","author":"S 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