{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:05:46Z","timestamp":1790805946586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001923","name":"Health Services Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR 17\/99\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR 17\/99\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019256","name":"NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Children and Families Policy Research Unit"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Children and Families Policy Research Unit"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An intensive programme of home visiting, the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP), is received by around one in four first-time adolescent mothers in selected areas in England. During home visits, nurses support mothers to make choices about healthy pregnancies, improving child development, and fulfilling their own aspirations and ambitions. Evidence is needed of the wider effects of the FNP, including for mothers not enrolled in the programme (who might experience unintended effects). We evaluated child and maternal outcomes for all eligible mothers giving birth before, during, and after the period in which FNP was active in local areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We created a linked cohort of 237,185 eligible mothers, aged 13-19, who gave birth between April 2010 and March 2019, and who had a first antenatal booking appointment (or a date of 28 completed weeks of gestation, if missing) when FNP was active in their area. We used administrative hospital data to identify unplanned maternal\/child hospitalisations up to 2 years after birth for children born and mothers delivering before, during and after FNP was active. Generalised linear models were used to adjust for background regional time trends, maternal characteristics, and clustering of outcomes within residential areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found no evidence of differences in unplanned hospital admissions for children born during the FNP period (36.9% versus 36.0%, relative risk [RR] 1.01; 95% CI 0.99-1.02), or after FNP was active (37.1%, RR 1.0; 95% CI 0.95-1.06), compared with those born before FNP was active. There was no evidence of differences in child admissions for maltreatment\/injury-related diagnoses or for maternal admissions for adversity-related diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Child and maternal outcomes were similar before, during and after FNP active periods, suggesting that the FNP did not have a wider impact on outcomes in all eligible mothers, including those not participating in the FNP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T18:37:30Z","timestamp":1743705450000},"page":"e0320810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of the Family Nurse Partnership on all eligible mothers: a data linkage cohort study in England"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3418-2856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katie","family":"Harron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van der Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eilis","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320810.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30210-3","article-title":"Associations between pre-pregnancy psychosocial risk factors and infants outcomes: a population-based cohort study in England","volume":"6","author":"K Harron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0320810.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12685","article-title":"Preterm birth, unplanned hospital contact, and mortality in infants born to teenage mothers in five countries: An administrative data cohort study","volume":"34","author":"K Harron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9659","key":"pone.0320810.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61708-0","article-title":"Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment","volume":"373","author":"HL MacMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0320810.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(03)80046-9","article-title":"Taking preventive intervention to scale: The nurse-family partnership","volume":"10","author":"D Olds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320810.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.1.65","article-title":"Preventing child abuse and neglect: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation","volume":"78","author":"DL Olds","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320810.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.1.89","article-title":"Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and child health at 25 to 50 months of life?","volume":"93","author":"D Olds","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0320810.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1385","article-title":"Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation: the limiting effects of domestic violence","volume":"284","author":"J Eckenrode","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0320810.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550080047038","article-title":"Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial","volume":"278","author":"DL Olds","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10014","key":"pone.0320810.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00392-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (Building blocks): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"M Robling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref010","article-title":"The Family Nurse Partnership to reduce maltreatment and improve child health and development in young children: the BB:2\u20136 routine data-linkage follow-up to earlier RCT","author":"M Robling","year":"2021","journal-title":"NIHR Public Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320810.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e049960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049960","article-title":"Nurse-led home-visitation programme for first-time 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A process evaluation using key informant mapping and participant survey as part of the Building Blocks randomised controlled trial of specialist home visiting","volume":"8","author":"M Robling","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-63","article-title":"Antecedents of teenage pregnancy from a 14-year follow-up study using data linkage","volume":"10","author":"J Gaudie","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref032","article-title":"Health visitor shortages are risking child health and piling pressure on other services","volume":"378","author":"E Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0320810.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015728","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015728","article-title":"Assessing the medium-term impact of a home-visiting programme on child maltreatment in England: protocol for a routine data linkage study","volume":"7","author":"FV Lugg-Widger","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0320810.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12799","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) programme in England: Evidence from the building blocks trial","volume":"23","author":"B Corbacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0320810.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120182","article-title":"The effect of VoorZorg, the Dutch nurse-family partnership, on child maltreatment and development: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"J Mejdoubi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7326","key":"pone.0320810.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7326.1428","article-title":"Teenage pregnancy is not a public health problem","volume":"323","author":"D Lawlor","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref037","author":"M Wiggins","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref038","author":"C Crawford"},{"issue":"10044","key":"pone.0320810.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30449-4","article-title":"Changes in conceptions in women younger than 18 years and the circumstances of young mothers in England in 2000-12: an observational study","volume":"388","author":"K Wellings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0320810.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-72","article-title":"National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England","volume":"12","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0320810.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2013.08.006","article-title":"Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking, pregnancy outcomes and breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"J Mejdoubi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0320810.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550080054039","article-title":"Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. 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