{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:56:57Z","timestamp":1772769417874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008968","name":"National Research Council Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC Grant: 2017-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC Grant: 2017-017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Gyrinops walla<\/jats:italic> Garten., which is an endemic and endangered species of Sri Lanka, produces the world\u2019s most expensive agarwood used in perfume industry. The high demand for agarwood has resulted in indiscriminate felling of trees, thus threatening the survival of the species. The present study aimed to develop an efficient <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> rapid multiplication technique to conserve the existing trees from extinction, by ensuring the sustainable supply of planting materials for commercial cultivations and to investigate the possibility of producing fragrance compounds by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> plantlets without felling trees. Efficient micropropagation protocol was developed from axillary buds and shoot tip explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0\u2009mg\/L BAP was the best for the establishment of both shoot tips (80.0%) and axillary buds (86.0%). Regenerated buds were further multiplied (10.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.93 shoot buds\/regenerated shoot) and elongated (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26\u2009cm) by transferring to MS medium supplemented with 1.0\u2009mg\/L BAP, 0.1\u2009mg\/L IBA and 40\u2009g\/L sucrose. Highest <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> rooting percentage (66.7%) was recorded in \u00bd\u2009 MS medium supplemented with 1.0\u2009mg\/L IAA and 40\u2009g\/L sucrose. However, none of the shoots rooted on MS media could be acclimatized. Significantly higher percentage of rooted shoots (93.3%) were produced on sand medium without auxin treatment compared to shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0\u2009mg\/L IAA (66%) and successfully acclimatized with 83.6% survival rate in a medium consisted of sand, topsoil, and compost (1:1:1 ratio). TLC fingerprints of ethyl acetate extracts of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> grown plantlets and agarwood produced similar spots at the retention factors (R<jats:sub><jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) of 0.60, 0.66, and 0.87 under 15% methanol: 85% chloroform solvent system. Chemicals present in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> plantlets were identified and compared with the agarwood of naturally grown <jats:italic>G. walla<\/jats:italic> by GC-MS. Both natural agarwood and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> grown shoot extracts contained 4-Hydroxypyridine 1-oxide (23.2%), 2-tetradecene (16.3%), 1-hexadecene (0.3%), E-15-heptadecenal (19.8%), 18-norabietane (0.6%) and eicosane (0.4%). Present study successfully developed a protocol for rapid multiplication of <jats:italic>G. walla<\/jats:italic> and indicates the possibility of using of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> plantlets to produce agarwood resinous compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T17:48:17Z","timestamp":1744134497000},"page":"e0321049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid micropropagation and chemical profiling of in vitro plantlets and agarwood of Gyrinops walla Gaertn. by gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9646-6862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S.","family":"Selvaskanthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalith","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"Eeswara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321049.ref001","first-page":"12","article-title":"Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis, (A. agallocha, Roxb.)","volume":"3","author":"D Chaudhari","year":"1993","journal-title":"MFP News"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-005-5479-x","article-title":"Production of 2-(2-phenylethyl) Chromones in cell suspension cultures of Aquilaria sinensis","volume":"83","author":"S-Y Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0321049.ref003","first-page":"101","article-title":"Standardization of Gyrinops walla Gaertn. (Thymalaeaceae): newly discovered, fragrant industrial potential, endemic plant from Sri Lanka","volume":"1","author":"R Dharmadasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref004","first-page":"357","article-title":"Agarwood resin production and resin quality of Gyrinops walla Gaertn","volume":"3","author":"SMUP Subasinghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4038\/tar.v29i3.8272","article-title":"Development of a protocol for In- vitro establishment of Gyrinops walla","volume":"29","author":"S Selvaskanthan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Agric Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A Revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures","volume":"15","author":"T Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiologia Plantarum"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321049.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4038\/tar.v35i4.8846","article-title":"In vitro Rooting of Gyrinops walla in activated charcoal-containing semi-solid culture and filter paper-bridged liquid culture systems","volume":"35","author":"S Selvaskanthan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Agric Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v38i3.2304","article-title":"In vitro regeneration of shoots from Garcinia quaesita leaf explants","volume":"38","author":"AFR Farzana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natn Sci Foundation Sri Lanka"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s002990050381","article-title":"A standard procedure for the micropropagation of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)","volume":"17","author":"JP Eeswara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4038\/tar.v31i2.8371","article-title":"A Comparison of chemical profiles of callus, plant and agarwood extracts of Gyrinops walla using thin layer chromatography","volume":"31","author":"S Selvaskanthan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Agric Res"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref011","article-title":"Textbook of phytochemical methods","volume-title":"A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis","author":"JB Harborne","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0321049.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2017.01.000499","article-title":"Investigation of agarwood compounds in Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria rostrata chipwood by using solid phase microextraction","volume":"1","author":"DT Ahmaed","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJSTR"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref013","first-page":"644","article-title":"Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of agarwood extracts from mature and juvenile Aquilaria malaccensis","volume":"16","author":"P Tsan","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44406","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44406","article-title":"Chemometric analysis reveals links in the formation of fragrant bio-molecules during agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) and fungal interactions","volume":"7","author":"S Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2015.07.022","article-title":"Chemical constituents from the petioles and leaves of Aquilaria sinensis","volume":"61","author":"S-C Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146983","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146983","article-title":"Rapid discovery and functional characterization of terpene synthases from four endophytic xylariaceae","volume":"11","author":"W Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref017","first-page":"24","article-title":"Analysis of essential oil of eaglewood tree (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"MNI Bhuiyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321049.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11808","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200711808","article-title":"The Anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene \u03b2-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna","volume":"20","author":"SS Dahham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0321049.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-013-5856-5","article-title":"Effects of inoculating fungi on agilawood formation in Aquilaria sinensis","volume":"58","author":"J Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0321049.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2005.B0849","article-title":"Rapid in vitro propagation of medicinally important Aquilaria agallocha","volume":"6","author":"M He","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref021","first-page":"943054","article-title":"Influence of cytokinins in combination with GA\u2083 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone Iran 100 (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)","author":"RA Gonbad","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321049.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2008.12.007","article-title":"High multiplication frequency and genetic stability for commercialization of the three varieties of micropropagated tea plants (Camellia spp.)","volume":"120","author":"S Borchetia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022208125478","article-title":"Effect of sucrose concentration on elongation of shoots from flax anther culture","volume":"72","author":"Y Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.51.1.49","article-title":"Sugar-induced signal transduction in plants","volume":"51","author":"S Smeekens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.11.003","article-title":"Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signaling","volume":"8","author":"SI Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref026","volume-title":"Gibberellin and cytokinin in synergy for a rapid nodal multiplication system of avocado","author":"J Bandaralage","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4238(85)90112-8","article-title":"Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on elongation and rooting of \u2018St. Julien A\u2019 rootstock in vitro","volume":"26","author":"DW Reeves","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref028","first-page":"115","article-title":"Micropropagation of Wrightia tomentosa: Effect of gelling agents, carbon source and vessel type","volume":"8","author":"P Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2008.08.005","article-title":"The effect of medium, carbon source and explant on regeneration and control of shoot-tip necrosis in Harpagophytum procumbens","volume":"75","author":"N Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006329510280","article-title":"Influence of carbon source on shoot multiplication and adventitious bud regeneration in in vitro beech cultures","volume":"32","author":"B Cuenca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref031","first-page":"3","article-title":"In vitro rooting of PR 204\/84 rootstock (Prunus persica x P. amygdalus) as influenced by mineral concentration of the culture medium and exposure to darkness for a period","volume":"3","author":"S Fotopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agronomy Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02632285","article-title":"In vitro clonal multiplication of 4-year-old plants of the bamboo, Dendrocalamus longispathus kurz","volume":"29","author":"S Saxena","year":"1993","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Plant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00037596","article-title":"Micropropagation of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), a rare Indian medicinal herb","volume":"39","author":"SD Purohit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref034","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effect of media type and explant source on micropropagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. - an important multipurpose forest tree","volume":"1","author":"M Thirunavoukkarasu","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Plant Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5586\/aa.2015.016","article-title":"Effect of different sucrose and nitrogen salt levels in the medium and temperature on in vitro propagation of Helleborus niger L.","volume":"32","author":"EA Gabryszewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Agrobot"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.125.1.61","article-title":"Nitrogen and carbon nutrient and metabolite signaling in plants","volume":"125","author":"G Coruzzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321049.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.7.8540","article-title":"Carbon and nitrogen nutrient balance signaling in plants","volume":"4","author":"Z-L Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-010-9311-x","article-title":"Propagation, growth, and carbohydrates of Dendrobium Second Love (Orchidaceae) in vitro as affected by sucrose, light, and dark","volume":"47","author":"M Ferreira W de","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Vitro CellDevBiol-Plant"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref039","first-page":"169","article-title":"Effect of medium strength and charcoal combined with IBA and NAA on root initiation of Ficus anastasia","volume":"2","author":"A Al Malki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Academic Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005850222973","article-title":"Effectiveness of indoleacetic acid, indolebutyric acid and naphthaleneacetic acid during adventitious root formation in vitro in Malus \u2018Jork 9\u2019","volume":"49","author":"G-J De Klerk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-011-0040-6","article-title":"Micropropagation and ex vitro rooting of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)","volume":"108","author":"B Benmahioul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-013-0213-3","article-title":"Rapid multiplication of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.: a timber yielding tree legume through axillary shoot proliferation and ex vitro rooting","volume":"20","author":"JB Vibha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Mol Biol Plants"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-009-0386-0","article-title":"In vitro and ex vitro rooting of Siratia grosvenorii, a traditional medicinal plant","volume":"32","author":"H Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/4-431-28054-5_14","article-title":"Tree tissue culture and ex vitro sand rooting for reforestation.","volume-title":"Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science","author":"HK. Saiju","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321049.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2478\/johr-2020-0019","article-title":"Ex vitro rooting, acclimatization and genetic stability of lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica","volume":"28","author":"A Wojtania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Horticultural Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321049.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016234104613","article-title":"Ex Vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots of Stackhousia tryonii","volume":"45","author":"NP Bhatia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologia plant"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321049.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0459-2","article-title":"In vitro propagation, ex vitro rooting and leaf micromorphology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: a leguminous tree with medicinal values","volume":"23","author":"U Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Mol Biol Plants"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref048","first-page":"6587571","article-title":"Impact of auxins on vegetative propagation through stem cuttings of Couroupita guianensis Aubl.: A conservation approach","author":"MS Shekhawat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321049.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1705_1035710369","article-title":"Effect of rooting medium, cutting type and auxin on rooting of pepino (Solanum muricatum aiton) cutting","volume":"17","author":"M AGHDAEI","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Ecol Env Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321049.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.25.7.800","article-title":"Stability of IAA and IBA in nutrient medium to several tissue culture procedures","volume":"25","author":"SJ Nissen","year":"1990","journal-title":"HortSci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005809518371","article-title":"Environmental control for the large-scale production of plants through in vitro techniques","volume":"51","author":"T Kozai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture"},{"issue":"330","key":"pone.0321049.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/50.330.119","article-title":"Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions","volume":"50","author":"J Posp\u00eds\u0306ilov\u00e1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321049.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1079\/IVP2002335","article-title":"Rooting of microcuttings: Theory and practice","volume":"38","author":"G-J Klerk","year":"2002","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Plant"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/b-002-66241","volume-title":"High performance thin layer chromatography for the analysis of medicinal plants","author":"E Reich","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref055","first-page":"69","article-title":"Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review","volume":"1","author":"A Namdeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Review"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73026-9_15","article-title":"Berberine: Production Through Plant (Thalictrum spp.) Cell Cultures.","volume-title":"Medicinal and aromatic plants I","author":"A Ikuta","year":"1988"},{"key":"pone.0321049.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70717-9_28","article-title":"Large-scale production of rosmarinic acid from plant cell cultures of coleus blumei benth.","volume-title":"Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures","author":"B Ulbrich","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321049.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(85)80216-9","article-title":"Stimulation of sanguinarine accumulation in Papaver somniferum cell cultures by fungal elicitors","volume":"119","author":"U Eilert","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Physiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T17:49:15Z","timestamp":1744134555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321049"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}