{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:31:09Z","timestamp":1783459869563,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021kcszsfkc124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021kcszsfkc124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015801","name":"Anhui Provincial Quality Engineering Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SJJXSFK0844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SJJXSFK0844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examines the quantifiable effects of pre-sleep smartphone use on sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to identify high-risk behaviors and inform targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on data from 508 students of different genders and academic years, the study first conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the association between smartphone-related behaviors and sleep quality. Subsequently, the adjusted smartphone behaviors were stratified by gender(male\/female) and academic year(freshmen\/Sophomore\/juniors) into subsets for further subgroup analysis, aiming to examine the relationship and impact of smartphone-related behaviors on sleep disturbancess across different genders and academic years.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>he analysis revealed that specific pre-sleep activities were significantly associated with sleep quality. Notably, playing games before sleep (OR=6.071, p&lt;0.001), late-night phone use (OR=2.824, p=0.002), having the phone off during sleep (OR=3.311, p&lt;0.001), and using social media apps (OR=2.797, p=0.005) were linked to an increased risk of sleep disturbancess. Conversely, video-watching (OR=0.349, p=0.007) and moderate music listening (OR=0.220, p=0.004) were associated with a reduced risk of sleep disturbancess. Further analysis indicated that behaviors such as playing games and having the phone off during sleep significantly increased the risk of sleep disturbancess across different genders and academic years (OR&gt;1, p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, smartphone-related behaviors such as having the phone off during sleep, playing games before sleep, and using social media apps were identified as risk factors affecting sleep quality. This study provides empirical evidence for developing interventions aimed at improving sleep quality among college students in the context of heightened stress and disrupted routines caused by the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T17:27:11Z","timestamp":1745947631000},"page":"e0321060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation on the association between college students\u2019 smartphone-related behaviors and sleep quality during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5155-617X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Syuhada binti","family":"Mat Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afeez Nawfal bin","family":"Mohd Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duobao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0321060.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2749","article-title":"Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion","volume":"33","author":"H-Y Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"pone.0321060.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.02.037","article-title":"Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students: The mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem","volume":"84","author":"E Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0321060.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_269_19","article-title":"The effect of smartphone usage at bedtime on sleep quality among Saudi non-medical staff at King Saud University Medical City","volume":"8","author":"FA Alshobaili","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pone.0321060.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218886","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1218886","article-title":"The habitual characteristic of smart phone use under relevant cues among Chinese college students","volume":"14","author":"M Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0321060.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137533","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1137533","article-title":"Problematic smartphone use and sleep disturbance: the roles of metacognitions, desire thinking, and emotion regulation","volume":"14","author":"M Akbari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0321060.ref006","first-page":"100643","article-title":"Problematic smartphone usage, prevalence and patterns among university students: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"CJ Candussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"key":"pone.0321060.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12971","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12971","article-title":"Yawning while scrolling? 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