{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:00:13Z","timestamp":1781089213460,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008091","name":"Golestan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of zinc selenide nanoparticles coated with green seaweed (<jats:italic>Ulva fasciata<\/jats:italic>) (ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic>) against <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>) in light of increasing drug resistance in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the growing necessity for new therapeutic options. Key characteristics of ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic>, including shape, size, functional groups, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, were analyzed in detail. The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> compared to meglumine antimoniate (MA; used as the control), on both the promastigote and amastigote forms of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>, calculating the selectivity index (SI) for each. Analysis revealed that the dominant functional group in ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> was C-H stretching, attributed to polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. The size of ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> ranged from 228.2\u2013242.8\u2009nm (P = 0.37), with a polydispersity index of 0.31\u20130.33 (P = 0.85), and a zeta potential ranging from -35.6 mV to -57.9 mV (P = 0.07) over a period of 90 days. The lethal concentration 50 (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) for ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> was 7.61 \u03bcg\/mL, while for MA it was 17.37 \u03bcg\/mL on promastigote (P = 0.03). On amastigote, the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> was 24.3 \u03bcg\/mL for ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> and 12.3 \u03bcg\/mL for MA (P = 0.04). The SI was 27.55 for ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> and 41.26 for MA (P = 0.02). The lower LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> for MA on amastigote indicated its better effectiveness on <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic> compared to ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic>, suggesting that ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> may have a lower ability to concentrate in macrophages compared to MA. However, ZnSe-<jats:italic>Uf<\/jats:italic> still showed anti-leishmanial activity and was non-toxic to macrophages (SI &gt; 10), indicating the need for further investigation on animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T17:39:51Z","timestamp":1745948391000},"page":"e0321219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanoparticle coated with green seaweed (Ulva fasciata) hydroalcoholic extract as an anti-leishmanial compound on Leishmania 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