{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T12:38:28Z","timestamp":1753274308106,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A critical understanding of how pests interact with active ingredients is essential for the development of new insect control solutions to maintain crop quality and quantity by reducing insect damage. Absorption of insecticides into insect bodies of targeted pest species is the first critical step that confounds the efficacy of insecticides. This study investigated how different feeding behaviour of two pests, <jats:italic>Myzus persicae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Spodoptera littoralis<\/jats:italic>, affects the absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) of seven insecticidally inactive test compounds. A feeding contact assay for the chewing pest (Lepidopteran larvae) and an oral ingestion assay for the sucking pest (aphids) was used to investigate the AME of test compounds with agrochemical-like structural motifs. The standardized assays comprised of an exposure period with treated diet and a subsequent depuration period with untreated diet. The results showed that <jats:italic>S. littoralis<\/jats:italic> larvae differed from <jats:italic>M. persicae<\/jats:italic> in their compound quantities absorbed into the insect body and in their excretion products at the end of the exposure or depuration periods. We suggest that this is caused by their different ingestion types and rates resulting in different absorption and excretion quantities. Further, we found differences in the metabolism (timing and biotransformation pathways) of compounds between both species. Notably, certain compounds remained detectable in both pests after the depuration period, suggesting compound and species-specific metabolism and excretion. Our results highlight the complex interplay between feeding biology of insects, in particular the critical role of excretion products, and the exposure to different compounds that lead to species-specific AME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T17:49:25Z","timestamp":1745862565000},"page":"e0321302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of absorption and excretion of test compounds in sucking versus chewing pests"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3283-4130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clara I.","family":"R\u00f6mer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-8793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman","family":"Ashauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-706X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beate I.","family":"Escher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Hollender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Burkhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"H\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-9827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michel","family":"Muehlebach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1714-6212","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anke","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321302.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102525e","article-title":"Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides","volume":"59","author":"M Akamatsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321302.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4457","article-title":"Perspectives on the agrochemical industry and agrochemical discovery","volume":"73","author":"TC Sparks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref003","volume-title":"Recent highlights in the discovery and optimization of crop protection products","author":"P Maienfisch","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref004","article-title":"Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2015-1204.ch002","article-title":"Building a successful crop protection pipeline: molecular starting points for discovery.","volume-title":"Discovery and synthesis of crop protection products","author":"KA Shelton","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6084","article-title":"Status and outlook for acaricide and insecticide discovery","volume":"77","author":"P Jeschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2015-1204.ch003","article-title":"New paradigms in crop protection research: registrability and cost of goods.","volume-title":"Discovery and synthesis of crop protection products","author":"C Corsi","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321302.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4190","article-title":"Progress of modern agricultural chemistry and future prospects","volume":"72","author":"P Jeschke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321302.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4336","article-title":"Lead generation in crop protection research: a portfolio approach to agrochemical discovery","volume":"73","author":"MR Loso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0321302.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2012.00650.x","article-title":"Perception of insect feeding by plants","volume":"14","author":"G Bonaventure","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biol (Stuttg)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780240105","article-title":"Factors affecting the foliar absorption and redistribution of pesticides. 2. Physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and the role of surfactant","volume":"24","author":"P Stevens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pesticide Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2006.04.004","article-title":"Foliar uptake of pesticides\u2014present status and future challenge","volume":"87","author":"C Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321302.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1983.tb00389.x","article-title":"Insecticides: their route of entry, mechanism of transport and mode of action","volume":"58","author":"P Gerolt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-591606-6.50011-2","article-title":"Permeability of insect cuticle.","volume-title":"The physiology of insecta","author":"W Ebeling","year":"1974"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321302.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780280403","article-title":"The uptake, excretion and metabolism of the acylurea insecticide, flufenoxuron in Spodoptera littoralis larvae, by feeding and topical application","volume":"28","author":"B Clarke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pestic Sci"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pone.0321302.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200900270","article-title":"110 years of the Meyer-Overton rule: predicting membrane permeability of gases and other small compounds","volume":"10","author":"A Missner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Phys Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321302.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.20191","article-title":"Diversity of detoxification pathways of ingested ecdysteroids among phytophagous insects","volume":"65","author":"K Rharrabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.02.006","article-title":"Diet dependent metabolic responses in three generalist insect herbivores Spodoptera spp","volume":"71","author":"A Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)00001-5","article-title":"Insect excretory mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"M O\u2019Donnell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref020","article-title":"Aphid excretion","author":"L Broadbent","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc R Entomol Soc Lond A, Gen Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321302.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1955.tb01548.x","article-title":"Detoxication mechanisms in insects","volume":"30","author":"J Smith","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0321302.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-362","article-title":"Influence of the amino acid balance on the improvement of an artificial diet for a biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae)","volume":"66","author":"G Febvay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84860-6","volume-title":"The ADME Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide on Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics","author":"A Talevi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/57.1.139a","article-title":"An improved method for feeding aphids on artificial diets","volume":"57","author":"T Mittler","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-020-00803-9","article-title":"Practical and simple systems for food intake studies on phloem-sucking insects","volume":"50","author":"GR Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neotrop Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2015-1204.ch008","article-title":"What makes a good compound against sucking pests? Discovery and synthesis of crop protection products","volume":"1204","author":"A Buchholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Symp Ser"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321302.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2004.00240.x","article-title":"Transmission of plant viruses by aphid vectors","volume":"5","author":"JCK Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Plant Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29654-4_2","volume-title":"Form and function of insect mouthpartsInsect Mouthparts","author":"HW. Krenn","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321302.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2004.10.009","article-title":"Scaffold hopping","volume":"1","author":"HJ B\u00f6hm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Technol"},{"issue":"37","key":"pone.0321302.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10761","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01460","article-title":"In silico resources of drug-likeness as a mirror: what are we lacking in pesticide-likeness?","volume":"69","author":"Y Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321302.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae083","article-title":"Fate of synthetic chemicals in the agronomic insect pest Spodoptera littoralis: experimental feeding-contact assay and toxicokinetic model","volume":"117","author":"CI R\u00f6mer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0321302.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.6.1269","article-title":"Uptake, excretion and respiration of sucrose and amino acids by the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum","volume":"199","author":"JD Rhodes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(76)90009-2","article-title":"Excretion of unchanged organophosphorus compounds after their consumption by larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd","volume":"6","author":"A Ben-Aziz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321302.ref034","first-page":"579","article-title":"Studies on the role of six enzymes in the metabolism of kinetin in mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)","volume":"27","author":"PJ Rup","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-483-4_22","article-title":"Metabolic analysis","volume":"2009","author":"V Tolstikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Micro Nano Technol Bioanal"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0321302.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14163","article-title":"Excessive nutrient input induces an ecological cost for aphids by modifying their attractiveness towards mutualist ants","volume":"36","author":"MN Lescano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0321302.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4881","article-title":"Fitness costs of infection with Serratia symbiotica are associated with greater susceptibility to insecticides in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum","volume":"74","author":"M Skaljac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.08.010163.002255","article-title":"Aphid feeding and nutrition","volume":"8","author":"J Auclair","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(02)00222-6","article-title":"Midgut adaptation and digestive enzyme distribution in a phloem feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum","volume":"49","author":"PT Cristofoletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198515494.001.0001","volume-title":"Insect physiological ecology: mechanisms and patterns","author":"S Chown","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.07.009","article-title":"Global change effects on plant-insect interactions: the role of phytochemistry","volume":"23","author":"MA Jamieson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2021.103646","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the detoxification gene inventory of four major Spodoptera pest species in response to xenobiotics","volume":"138","author":"D Amezian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"pone.0321302.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.172.1.355","article-title":"pH gradients in lepidopteran midgut","volume":"172","author":"J Dow","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2018.10.005","article-title":"How do oral insecticidal compounds cross the insect midgut epithelium?","volume":"103","author":"S Denecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3873-7_3","article-title":"Physiological adaptations of the insect gut to herbivory.","volume-title":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions: Novel Insights and Approaches for IPM","author":"F Ortego","year":"2012"},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0321302.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10090","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02757","article-title":"Finding the missing property concepts in pesticide-likeness","volume":"70","author":"D Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref047","first-page":"113","article-title":"Suitability of rape cultivars with a different glucosinolate content for Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)","volume":"113","author":"G Weber","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Plant Dis Prot"},{"key":"pone.0321302.ref048","first-page":"669","article-title":"In silico models to predict oral absorption","author":"H Van de Waterbeemd","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321302.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200101)57:1<3::AID-PS269>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Selecting the right compounds for screening: does Lipinski\u2019s rule of 5 for pharmaceuticals apply to agrochemicals?","volume":"57","author":"CM. Tice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0321302.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.02.061","article-title":"Beyond physical properties\u2014application of Abraham descriptors and LFER analysis in agrochemical research","volume":"17","author":"ED Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T17:49:35Z","timestamp":1745862575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321302"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Becchimanzi,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321302","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}