{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:49Z","timestamp":1787022169434,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HEPI (Health\u2013Professional Education Partnership Initiative \u2013 for Strengthening the Health System and Services in Uganda);","award":["1R25TW011213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25TW011213"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMACDF2018-2371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMACDF2018-2371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund 1","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"NURTURE (NIH\/International Fogarty Centre","award":["D43TW010132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010132"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2018CDF-2371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2018CDF-2371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D43TW010132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund","award":["MAKRIF1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAKRIF1"]}]},{"name":"HEPI (Health\u2013Professional Education Partnership Initiative \u2013 for Strengthening the Health System and Services in Uganda);","award":["1R25TW011213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25TW011213"]}]},{"name":"HEPI (Health\u2013Professional Education Partnership Initiative \u2013 for Strengthening the Health System and Services in Uganda);","award":["1R25TW011213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25TW011213"]}]},{"name":"HEPI (Health\u2013Professional Education Partnership Initiative \u2013 for Strengthening the Health System and Services in Uganda);","award":["1R25TW011213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25TW011213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Inappropriate antibiotic use in animal husbandry contributes to the emergence of resistant bacteria, which may enter the human population through the food chain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from raw cow milk in Kawempe Division, Kampala, with those from clinical specimens processed at Makerere University Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross-sectional study from January to June 2024 on 40\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates from 124 raw cow milk samples, alongside 40 clinical\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates was conducted. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. Differences in resistance between milk and clinical isolates were assessed using chi-square analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 124 milk samples (77 from cans, 47 from packs),\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n was isolated from 40\/124 (32.26%), with most 39\/124 (31.45%) from cans and only 1\/124 (0.81%) from a pack. Antibiotic resistance profiles of\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (n\u2009=\u200940) from milk samples showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (32.5%), followed by cotrimoxazole (22.5%), ceftriaxone (5%), Cefotaxime; (5%) and, cefuroxime (5%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) production were detected in 5% milk isolates. Clinical isolates; n\u2009=\u200940; exhibited higher resistance to cotrimoxazole (95%), ampicillin (87.5%), cefuroxime (72.5%), ceftriaxone (70%), ceftazidime (57.5%), ciprofloxacin (55%), and cefotaxime (52.5%), with lower resistance to amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate (27.5%), chloramphenicol (25%), and gentamicin (22.5%). Emerging resistance to imipenem was observed (20%). MDR and ESBL prevalence among clinical isolates were 85% and 70%, respectively. Resistance was significantly higher in clinical isolates than in milk isolates (p\u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study shows a much higher burden of resistance, MDR, and ESBL production in clinical than milk-derived\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n . At the same time, the similar resistance patterns observed for commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and cotrimoxazole suggest a possible overlap between human and animal reservoirs. These findings highlight the need for context-specific antimicrobial stewardship strategies in both the health and diary sector.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:32:14Z","timestamp":1784223134000},"page":"e0321341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from raw cow milk and, from clinical specimens in a tertiary institution, Uganda \u2013 A cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4410-8229","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob Michael","family":"Othieno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastacia","family":"Sebbowa Nabyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Wembabazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian Martin","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Nalwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amusa","family":"Wamawobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Bakeera-Kitaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-5429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Achan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10257","key":"pone.0321341.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32063-8","article-title":"Confronting antimicrobial resistance beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 US election","volume":"396","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0321341.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collaborators AR. 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