{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1789611838535,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Study on Key Technologies for Conservation of Wild Giant Panda Populations and Its Habitats within Giant Panda National Park System","award":["CGF2024001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGF2024001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010821","name":"Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPF2017-05, CPF2015-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF2017-05, CPF2015-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-EC) around the world has become a significant challenge for humans and animals. In this study, we aimed to examine the characteristics and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) capacity of ESBL-EC derived from captive primates. We screened for ESBL-EC among a total of 444 multidrug-resistant (MDR) <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from 13 zoos in China using double-disk test. ESBL genes, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) in ESBL-EC were detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, conjugation experiments were conducted to examine the HGT capacity of ESBL-EC, and the population structure (phylogenetic groups and MLST) was determined. Our results showed that a total of 69 (15.54%, 69\/444) ESBL-EC strains were identified, and 5 variants of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub> and 3 variants of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub> were detected. The highest detection rate was <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub> (49.28%, 34\/69), followed by <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> (39.13%, 27\/69). Ten MGEs were detected and the most prevalent was <jats:italic>IS26<\/jats:italic> (78.26%, 54\/69), followed by <jats:italic>ISEcp1<\/jats:italic> (60.87%, 42\/69). Eighteen combinations of MGEs were detected, in which <jats:italic>ISEcp1\u2009+\u2009IS26<\/jats:italic> was predominant (18.84%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913). A total of 15 VAGs were detected and the most prevalent was <jats:italic>fimC<\/jats:italic> (84.06%, 58\/69), followed by <jats:italic>sitA<\/jats:italic> (78.26%, 54\/69). Furthermore, HGT ability analysis results showed that 40.58% (28\/69) of ESBL-EC strains exhibited the ability to engage in conjugative transfer. Plasmid typing revealed that IncFIB (78.57%, 22\/28) had the highest detection rates. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-135<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>tetA and qnrS<\/jats:italic>; MGEs of <jats:italic>IS26<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>trbC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ISCR3\/14<\/jats:italic> showed high rates of conjugative transfer. The population structure analysis showed that the phylogroup B1 and ST2161 were the most prevalent. ESBL-EC poses a potential threat to captive primates and may spread to other animals, humans, and the environment. It is imperative to implement measures to prevent the transmission of ESBL-EC among captive primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T17:27:59Z","timestamp":1744392479000},"page":"e0321514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from captive primates: characteristics and horizontal gene transfer ability analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangneng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-448X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhijun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321514.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuac008","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac008","article-title":"The 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