{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T10:12:21Z","timestamp":1766139141210,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE0206700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0206700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE0206700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0206700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE0206700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0206700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE0206700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0206700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The flow mechanism of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flooding serves as the theoretical foundation for examining the synergic integration of oil recovery and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> storage. Immiscible CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flooding has attracted considerable research attention due to its simplicity and cost-efficiency. However, minimal studies are available regarding the flow characteristics and EOR mechanism of immiscible CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flooding in in-situ temperature-pressure coupling conditions at the pore scale. Therefore, this study employed a modified high-temperature, high-pressure microfluidic system to simulate the in-situ CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and water injection processes in a combined temperature-pressure environment and analyze the multiphase flow characteristics in the pores. The injection rate, displacement pressure difference, displacement efficiency, and residual oil distribution were quantitatively analyzed at different pressures. The results indicated higher residual oil clustering after water flooding at the same injection rate. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flooding significantly reduced residual oil clustering and enhanced the oil flooding effect. The multiphase flow dynamics, type of remaining oil in different injection conditions, and flow characteristics of immiscible CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flooding were determined. A higher confining pressure interrupted the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow, which destabilized the displacement front increased the recovery efficiency by 12.9%. Furthermore, a higher injection rate and displacement pressure increased the recovery efficiency by 24.9% and 6.1%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1743544031000},"page":"e0321527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental study of pore-scale flow mechanism of immiscible CO2 flooding under in-situ temperature-pressure coupling conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-879X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kangxing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhennan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321527.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3955\/0029-344X-82.1.65","article-title":"Impact of climate change on North Cascade Alpine Glaciers, and Alpine Runoff","volume":"82","author":"MS Pelto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Northwest Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0321527.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816020116","article-title":"Global warming has increased global economic inequality","volume":"116","author":"NS Diffenbaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0321527.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28768","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08912-z","article-title":"Does carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and GHG emissions influence the agriculture? 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