{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T20:07:09Z","timestamp":1785182829615,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant INV-006003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant INV-006003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escalating pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors jeopardizes vector control, necessitating the use of alternative insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) for indoor residual spraying (IRS). Tracking the spread of resistance and elucidating its molecular basis are essential for effective resistance management against these insecticides. This study monitored resistance to two organophosphates, malathion (MA) and pirimiphos methyl (PM), in three malaria vectors (<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s., <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s.) across Cameroon and explored related resistance mechanisms. WHO tube assays revealed that <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s. populations were fully susceptible to both organophosphates; <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> populations were either fully susceptible (North) or potentially resistant (South; 97% mortality). In contrast, the two <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s.<\/jats:italic> populations in this study were resistant: in the rural agricultural hotspots of Mangoum (94% mortality to PM; 50% to MA) and in peri-urban cultivated location of Nkolondom, which exhibited the highest resistance to both PM (80% mortality) and MA (46% mortality), associated with recorded use of organophosphates by farmers. Genotyping the Ace-1 markers revealed a close association with susceptibility profile, as no resistance allele was observed in <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s. and in the northern population of <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> and a very low frequency in Njombe (3%). In contrast, a higher frequency of Ace-1<jats:sup>R<\/jats:sup> was observed in <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. with a significant association observed with resistance (PM: OR\u2009=\u200920.33, P\u2009=\u20090.04; MA: OR\u2009=\u200998.33, P\u2009=\u20090.0019). Furthermore, analysis of 100 Ace-1 clones showed copy number variation was linked to resistance, as resistant mosquitoes displayed higher copy numbers compared to susceptible individuals. These findings suggest that malaria control with organophosphate-based IRS is a viable alternative in Cameroon; however, it will be necessary to consider the distribution of species and the development of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T17:30:13Z","timestamp":1747935013000},"page":"e0321825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Susceptibility profile of Anopheles and target site resistance mechanism against organophosphates in Cameroon."],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0607-9391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith","family":"Dandi-Labou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas A.","family":"Kengne-Ouafo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Mugenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magellan","family":"Tchouakui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-3673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0321825.ref001","unstructured":"World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response."},{"issue":"7572","key":"pone.0321825.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0321825.ref003","volume-title":"Global insecticide use for vector-borne disease control: a 10-year assessment (2010\u20132019)","author":"Organization WH","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0321825.ref004","volume-title":"Global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors","author":"Organization WH","year":"2012"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321825.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069516","article-title":"A new long-lasting indoor residual formulation of the organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos methyl for prolonged control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: an experimental hut trial in Benin","volume":"8","author":"M Rowland","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321825.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt117","article-title":"Efficacy of various insecticides recommended for indoor residual spraying: pirimiphos methyl, potential alternative to bendiocarb for pyrethroid resistance management in Benin, West Africa","volume":"108","author":"FR Agossa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0321825.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-332","article-title":"Micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl shows high insecticidal efficacy and long residual activity against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"13","author":"E S Tchicaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321825.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03357-8","article-title":"Performance of IRS on malaria prevalence and incidence using pirimiphos-methyl in the context of pyrethroid resistance in Koulikoro region, Mali","volume":"19","author":"F Kan\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0321825.ref009","volume-title":"Working Group. 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