{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:24:41Z","timestamp":1789151081977,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R005850\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R005850\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic and of zoonotic importance in Ethiopia. Despite this, there is limited recent information on the prevalence of bTB in cattle slaughtered at abattoirs. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of bTB in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipality abattoir based on tuberculous lesions and region of difference (RD4) deletion typing and to assess the current practice and the awareness of occupational workers to zoonoses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec025\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 502 cattle slaughtered at the municipality abattoir (260 in the day shift and 242 in the night shift) were included in this cross-sectional study. Data collection and laboratory investigations included postmortem examination, culture and bacteriological examination, molecular characterization of positive isolates using region of difference (RD4) deletion typing and spoligotyping. Knowledge of zoonotic infection risk and practices was investigated through a questionnaire administered to 58 abattoir workers and 58 butchers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec026\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on postmortem examination, bTB suspected lesion was identified in 4.58% of cattle and it was significantly associated with, the age, breed and body condition of the animals. The detection of tuberculosis lesions during the night shift of the slaughter program was 1.54 times that of the day shift which is not statistically significant but warrants future study with a larger sample size. The gross lesions were predominately found in the lung and associated lymph nodes (65.5%). Of the 23 bTB suspected tuberculous lesions cultured, 11 (47.83%) tissue samples were culture-positive, and four isolates were RD4-positive, identifying <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. Spoligotyping patterns were also effectively detected in four isolates. The observed spoligotype patterns were two SB1477 strains, and SB1176 and SB0133 strains. In the questionnaire survey, 79.31% of abattoir workers were aware of bTB, however, 93.10% of butchers did not know of bTB and understood less about preventing cross-infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec027\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis is evident in cattle reaching the abattoir in Addis Ababa with nearly similar gross lesion pathology-based prevalence of bTB to prior findings reported from the same abattoir a decade ago. This suggests that despite efforts to control the disease in cattle, the prevalence remains largely unchanged. Although statistically non-significant, the trend showing higher odds of detecting tuberculous lesions during the night suggests a need for improved meat inspections during the night shift and the need for larger future studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T18:05:17Z","timestamp":1748455517000},"page":"e0321844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bovine tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir in Ethiopia and workforce awareness of zoonotic risk"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5420-2608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fahmi Mohammed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-059X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Musse","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-7149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Getnet","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tekalign","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmay","family":"Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balako","family":"Gumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0321844.ref001","article-title":"Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016\/429): bovine tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"S More","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100113","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface and its control through one health approach in the Ethiopian Somali Pastoralists: a review","volume":"9","author":"A Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref003","first-page":"169","article-title":"Review on Bovine tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"E Kebede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90045-0","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle","volume":"40","author":"SD Neill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236205","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/236205","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis: a model pathogen at the interface of livestock, wildlife, and humans","volume":"2012","author":"MV Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.20.1.1266","article-title":"Epidemiology of selected mycobacteria that infect humans and other animals","volume":"20","author":"DA Ashford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0321844.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.120543","article-title":"Zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis-induced tuberculosis in humans","volume":"19","author":"B M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis and other mycobacteria in animals in Ethiopia: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"R Tschopp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jacobs J Epidemiol Prev Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0321844.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4230-4234.2002","article-title":"Identification of the causative organism of tuberculous lymphadenitis in ethiopia by PCR","volume":"40","author":"D Kidane","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321844.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4881","article-title":"Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tuberculosis lesions of cattle in north eastern Ethiopia","volume":"167","author":"G Ameni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0321844.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052851","article-title":"High prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in central ethiopia: implications for the dairy industry and public health","volume":"7","author":"R Firdessa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321844.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0754-x","article-title":"Zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis between pastoralists and their livestock in South-East Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"B Gumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204525","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1204525","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis in a high bovine tuberculosis burden area of Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"S Ayalew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.76802","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis: a concern and strategies to combat","author":"RN Teppawar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Biol Appl Actinobacteria"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0321844.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076891","article-title":"Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis between farmers and cattle in central Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"G Ameni","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321844.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0287-x","article-title":"Prevalence study on bovine tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipal abattoir, Central Ethiopia","volume":"45","author":"A Mekibeb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321844.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH12.015","article-title":"Gross pathological lesions of bovine tuberculosis and efficiency of meat inspection procedure to detect-infected cattle in Adama municipal abattoir","volume":"6","author":"T Dechassa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Med Anim Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321844.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/f7240b30-f202-45c5-aacb-4fda2efb8b3d","article-title":"The burden of mycobacterial disease in ethiopian cattle: implications for public health","volume":"4","author":"S Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321844.ref019","article-title":"Preliminary study on the impact of Bovine Tuberculosis on the reproductive efficiency and productivity of Holstein dairy cows in Central Ethiopia","volume":"58","author":"G Ameni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Anim Health Produc Afr"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-28","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Ethiopian cattle","volume":"6","author":"D Biffa","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553940","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.553940","article-title":"Genotype diversity of Mycobacterium bovis and pathology of bovine tuberculosis in selected emerging dairy regions of Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"GA Mekonnen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref022","author":"B Gudeta","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref023","author":"Epi InfoTM 7, CDC","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118525821","volume-title":"Meat Inspection and Control in the Slaughterhouse","author":"T Ninios","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref025","volume-title":"A brief analysis of activities of meat inspection and quarantine division Department of Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agriculture","author":"S Hailemariam","year":"1975"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0321844.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00205-07","article-title":"High prevalence and increased severity of pathology of bovine tuberculosis in Holsteins compared to zebu breeds under field cattle husbandry in central Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"G Ameni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref027","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis.","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, World Organization for Animal Health","author":"OIE","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.29-34.2006","article-title":"Molecular analysis of human and bovine tubercle bacilli from a local setting in Nigeria","volume":"44","author":"S Cadmus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321844.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology","volume":"35","author":"J Kamerbeek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref030","first-page":"381","article-title":"Rapid detection and simultaneous strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria by spoligotyping","volume":"101","author":"HO Molhuizen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321844.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.002","article-title":"Naming spoligotype patterns for the RD9-deleted lineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; www.Mbovis.org","volume":"12","author":"NH Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref032"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0321844.ref033","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"N Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02349-1","article-title":"Bacteriological and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from tuberculous lesions collected among slaughtered cattle, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"M Ejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321844.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5455\/wvj.20170899","article-title":"An Abattoir based study on Bovine Tuberculosis in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"M Pal","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321844.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.3.1534","article-title":"Tuberculous lesions not detected by routine abattoir inspection: the experience of the Hossana municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"A Teklul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v12i1.1","article-title":"Cultural and molecular detection of zoonotic tuberculosis and its public health impacts in selected districts of Tigray region, Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"S Zeweld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sokoto J Vet Sc"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref038","first-page":"15","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and its public health implications in Gambella town and its surroundings, Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"J Alemu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob J Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref039","first-page":"72","article-title":"Evaluation of routine meat inspection procedure to detect bovine tuberculosis suggestive lesions in Jimma municipal abattoir, South West Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"M Bekele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob Veterinaria"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321844.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9507-4","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on bovine tuberculosis in Hawassa town and its surroundings, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"42","author":"A Regassa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.09.006","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"B Sibhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0321844.ref042","first-page":"103","article-title":"Prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis and genus typing of its causative agents in cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"G Gebrezgabiher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Basic Appl Sci"},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0321844.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.6259","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional abattoir-based study","volume":"8","author":"N Biratu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref044","first-page":"1986919","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and distribution of tuberculous lesions in cattle slaughtered at Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"A Belete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(95)90591-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review","author":"LM O\u2019Reilly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321844.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009033","article-title":"Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach","volume":"40","author":"M-F Humblet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321844.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9248-9","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian slaughter cattle based on post-mortem examination","volume":"41","author":"B Demelash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0321844.ref048","first-page":"541","article-title":"Gross and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Mekelle town municipal abattoir, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"F Zeru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0321844.ref049","first-page":"125","article-title":"Preliminary study on bTB in Nazareth municipality abattoir of central Ethiopia","volume":"51","author":"G Ameni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Anim Health Product Afr"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref050","volume-title":"Bovine tuberculosis: Epidemiologic aspects and public health implications in and around Debre Birihan. MSc. thesis, Ethiopia. MSc. thesis, Ethiopia","author":"SB Shimeles","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0321844.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4314\/star.v3i2.22","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex at Nekemte Municipality Abattoir, Western Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"M Woyessa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Technol Arts Res J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0321844.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00750-10","article-title":"African 2, a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis epidemiologically important in East Africa","volume":"193","author":"S Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0321844.ref053","first-page":"288","article-title":"Preliminary study on prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle owned by tuberculosis positive and negative farmers and assessment of zoonotic awareness in Ambo and Toke Kutaye districts, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"F Tamiru","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Med AH"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321844","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T18:05:29Z","timestamp":1748455529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321844"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dina","family":"Aboelsoued","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]}}}