{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1777539960276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K11209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K11209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Funding for Longevity Sciences","award":["24-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore differences in the emotions of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) in group rehabilitation using facial analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted rehabilitation consisting of aerobic exercise, cognitive training, dual tasks (a combination of exercise and cognitive training), and creative activities in a group format with patients with MCI and dementia. The faces of the 30 patients (MCI: n=14; mild\/moderate AD: n=16) who participated were filmed from the front with a small camera during the four tasks. Then, we used the Kokoro Sensor (CAC Corporation, Japan), a device which estimates emotion scores (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) based on different parts of the face using artificial intelligence, to calculate emotion scores for each activity, and compared them between the MCI and AD groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotion scores for fear and surprise were significantly higher for the AD group than for the MCI group during dual tasks (p=0.016), while emotion scores for joy were significantly higher for the MCI group than for the AD group during creative activities (p=0.012).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Creative activities and dual tasks, which require simultaneous physical activity and cognitive thinking, were difficult for patients with AD. On the other hand, tasks which used a range of cognitive functions, such as creative activities, evoked joy in patients with MCI. It may be beneficial to provide tasks and support to patients with respect to their unique emotions based on these results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T13:37:24Z","timestamp":1745501844000},"page":"e0322213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring emotion recognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia undergoing a rehabilitation program"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-3530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaki","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Osawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0888-9241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eri","family":"Otaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yoshimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Kagaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izumi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322213.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512473194","article-title":"Making sense(s) in dementia: a multisensory and motor-based group activity program","volume":"28","author":"J Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860903586102","article-title":"Engaging nursing home residents with dementia in activities: the effects of modeling, presentation order, time of day, and setting characteristics","volume":"14","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0322213.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001787","article-title":"Effects on sleep from group activity with a robotic seal for nursing home residents with dementia: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"N J\u00f8ranson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980823000314","article-title":"Understanding acceptability of group leisure activities used to address loneliness among people living with dementia: an exploratory mixed-methods study","volume":"42","author":"HM O\u2019Rourke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Aging"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104592","article-title":"Combined exercise and cognitive interventions for adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"D Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198114531782","article-title":"A systematic review of strategies to foster activity engagement in persons with dementia","volume":"41","author":"MA Trahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322213.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/81104","article-title":"Errorless Learning as a method of neuropsychological rehabilitation of individuals suffering from dementia in the course of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"A \u015amig\u00f3rska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322213.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161021800039X","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for persons with dementia: what are they and how should they be studied","volume":"30","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X0000502X","article-title":"Towards a theory of dementia care: personhood and well-being","volume":"12","author":"T Kitwood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322213.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/51B.1.P3","article-title":"Observed affect in nursing home residents with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322213.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000022133","article-title":"Visual analogue scales for pain assessment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"EJ Scherder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322213.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250928","article-title":"Analysis of facial expressions in response to basic taste stimuli using artificial intelligence to predict perceived hedonic ratings","volume":"16","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322213.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1948","article-title":"Artificial intelligence to evaluate postoperative pain based on facial expression recognition","volume":"26","author":"D Fontaine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12835","article-title":"Clinical utility of an assessment scale for engagement in activities for patients with moderate-to-severe dementia: additional analysis","volume":"22","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref015","volume-title":"Facial action coding system: investigator\u2019s guide","author":"P Ekman","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322213.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180084","article-title":"Music and dementia: individual differences in response to personalized playlists","volume":"64","author":"S Garrido","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.05.029","article-title":"Emotional expressions associated with therapeutic inertia in multiple sclerosis care","volume":"34","author":"G Saposnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S168024","article-title":"A novel pain assessment tool incorporating automated facial analysis: interrater reliability in advanced dementia","volume":"13","author":"M Atee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322213.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.6.560","article-title":"Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales","volume":"38","author":"J Scott","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.11336\/jjcrs.8.109","article-title":"Development of a reaction scale for dementia patients during recreational activities: a trial study of interobserver reliability and criterion-related validity.","volume":"8","author":"M Kamiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008","article-title":"A Self-rating Depression Scale","volume":"12","author":"WW Zung","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref022","volume-title":"The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire","author":"DP Goldberg","year":"1972"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322213.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.009","article-title":"Depression and dementia: cause, consequence or coincidence?","volume":"79","author":"S Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322213.ref024","first-page":"91","article-title":"The validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-J) with the original procedure of the Attention and Calculation Task(2001).","volume":"20","author":"M Sugishita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jap J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322213.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"B Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref026","volume-title":"Coloured progressive matrices","author":"JC Raven","year":"1976"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322213.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2308","article-title":"The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia","volume":"44","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref028","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref029","first-page":"176","article-title":"Social activities after stroke: measurement and natural history using the Frenchay Activities Index","volume":"7","author":"DT Wade","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00329","article-title":"A comparison of the affectiva imotions facial expression analysis software with EMG for identifying facial expressions of emotion","volume":"11","author":"L Kulke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.003","article-title":"Computerized facial analysis for understanding constricted\/blunted affect: initial feasibility, reliability, and validity data","volume":"148","author":"AS Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322213.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190442","article-title":"Computer-analyzed facial expression as a surrogate marker for autism spectrum social core symptoms","volume":"13","author":"K Owada","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322213.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3787(04)70849-8","article-title":"Dual task effects of walking when talking in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"160","author":"G Cocchini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"9052","key":"pone.0322213.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24009-2","article-title":"\u201cStops walking when talking\u201d as a predictor of falls in elderly people","volume":"349","author":"L Lundin-Olsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322213.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230266","article-title":"Fear of falling as a behavioral symptom in neurocognitive impaired patients: evidence from an underrepresented population","volume":"94","author":"SM Castelblanco-Toro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.712","article-title":"Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion","volume":"53","author":"P Ekman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322213.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170801","article-title":"Establishing a new screening system for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease with mental rotation tasks that evaluate visuospatial function","volume":"61","author":"A Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322213.ref038","article-title":"The management of persistent pain in older persons","volume":"50","author":"AGS Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322213.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.05.044","article-title":"Assessment of treatment outcomes in patients with overactive bladder: importance of objective and subjective measures","volume":"68","author":"P Abrams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322213.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2020-103260","article-title":"Dementia care and treatment issues","volume":"23","author":"R Heale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987191","article-title":"Felt, false, and miserable smiles","volume":"6","author":"P Ekman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Nonverbal Behav"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref042","volume-title":"Lip service: smiles in life, death, trust, lies, work, memory, sex, and politics","author":"M LaFrance","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322213.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.3.414","article-title":"Smiles when lying","volume":"54","author":"P Ekman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322213.ref044","article-title":"Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation","author":"BM DePaulo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346658","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347796","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:11:09Z","timestamp":1773414669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322213"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Miray","family":"Budak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}}}