{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:45:15Z","timestamp":1791243915246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Association of Avian Veterinarians","award":["Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant"]}]},{"name":"Department for Conservation","award":["K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d Recovery"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d Recovery"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment","award":["Genomics for Production & Security in a Biological Economy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Genomics for Production & Security in a Biological Economy"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Performance-Based Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Performance-Based Research Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"The critically endangered k\u0101k\u0101p\u014d (Strigops habroptilus<\/jats:italic>) has suffered population declines due to habitat loss, hunting, and predation. Conservation efforts, including translocation to predator-free islands, have helped increase numbers of this flightless parrot from 51 individuals in 1995\u2013142 in 2019. However, low fertility and high embryo mortality, likely due to genetic bottlenecks continue to hinder population growth. This is further aggravated by the k\u0101k\u0101p\u014d\u2019s lek mating system, which allows only a minority of males to father a disproportionate number of offspring, resulting in 21% of non-reproductive males. The study aimed to enhance assisted reproduction techniques to assess male fertility, increase egg fertility, and ensure genetic diversity. Artificial insemination (AI) was used to mimic a second copulation, as females mating with multiple males show higher fertility rates. During the 2019 breeding season, semen collection was successful in 20 males and in 93.5% of 46 attempts using abdominal massage method and electric stimulation technique. Semen volume, colour, consistency, contamination, pH and the motility, concentration, viability and morphology of spermatozoa were analysed. Ejaculate volume ranged between 0.1 and 210 \u00b5l and the mean pH was 7.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 (x<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>\u2015<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> \u00b1 SD). Average sperm viability was 87.4\u2009\u00b1\u200910.0% with a total motility of 60.9\u2009\u00b1\u200922.0% and a progressive motility of 28.3\u2009\u00b1\u200919.8%. AI was performed 15 times in 12 females, improving second clutch fertility (70% vs. 29.4% without AI). Egg fertility in the second clutch without AI was 29.41% (5\/17) compared to 70% (14\/20) after AI. Paternity testing confirmed AI offspring (four chicks of three females), including from two previously non-reproductive males, enriching the gene pool with rare alleles (e.g., genes from Fiordland founding population). This study demonstrates the value of assisted reproduction in conserving endangered avian species by improving reproductive success and preserving genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T17:58:46Z","timestamp":1746813526000},"page":"e0322276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Semen collection, semen analysis and artificial insemination in the k\u0101k\u0101p\u014d (Strigops habroptilus) to support its conservation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-6705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominik","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl","family":"Eason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bublat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidre","family":"Vercoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d Recovery 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