{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:24:01Z","timestamp":1790727841031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institute of Health","award":["U54 CA190155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 CA190155"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cervical cancer (CC) is the leading cancer among women in Tanzania, especially among those between the ages of 15 and 44. The prevalence of high-risk Human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-16\/18 women in the general population at any given time is 3.3%. HR-HPVs 16 or 18 are the primary cause of CC. The distribution of HPV genotypes among women with CC according to HIV status is unknown in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine the HPV genotype distribution according to HIV status among women with CC in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study was done at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Tanzania among women with histologically confirmed CC. HIV serology testing was performed. Biopsy was taken from cervical lesions, and DNA was extracted. HPV DNA was amplified by using a previously validated multiplex HPV PCR assay targeting 14 high-risk HPV genotypes (16,18,30,31,33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 66) and two low\u2010risk HPV genotypes (6 and 11). Continuous variables were compared using either a student t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Fisher\u2019s exact test was employed to compare discrete variables. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We included 100 women with CC. The prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 42%. The prevalence of any HPV infection was 94%, ranging from 1\u20133 genotypes per woman. HPV. The median age for women living with HIV (WLWH) with CC patients was 45 years (IQR, 31\u201360), while the median age for HIV-uninfected women with CC patients was 57 years (IQR, 30\u201378). (p\u2009=\u20090.0001). WLWH and HIV-uninfected women had similar HPV prevalence, except for HPV 35, which was more common in WLWH. There was a trend of high prevalence of HPV 52 and HPV 58 in WLHH compared to HIV-uninfected women, but this difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence of HPV 16 and\/or 18 infection in the entire sample was 85%. The combined prevalence of HPV 16 and\/or 18 was 76% WLWH and 91% amongst HIV-uninfected women (p\u2009=\u20090.036).The majority of women (77.9%) had single-genotype HPV infection. There was no difference in the distribution of multiple or single HPV genotypes infection by HIV status (p\u2009=\u20090.25).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, HIV positive women with CC presented at a significantly younger age (45 years) compared to the HIV-negative women (57 years). The prevalence of high-risk HPV is high among women with CC in Tanzania. Distribution of most high-risk HPV genotypes among women with CC was not significantly influenced by HIV status except for HPV 35, which appeared to be more in HIV positive women compared to HIV-negative women. While the majority of the high-risk HPV infections were with single HPV genotypes, the prevalence of multiple high-risk HPV infections was at 22%, with no significant difference between the two HIV statuses. A vaccination program that aptly targets HPV 16 and 18 could prevent up to 85% of CC cases in Tanzania, regardless of HIV. Keywords: Human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, HIV, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:28:23Z","timestamp":1754069303000},"page":"e0322311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among women with cervical cancer stratified by HIV status in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alita","family":"Mrema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamsau","family":"Ngoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-4302","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel 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J.","family":"Lidenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mwaiselage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322311.ref001","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref002","article-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today","author":"J Ferlay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Agency Res Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref003","author":"Collaboration nternational 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HIV-AIDS Tanzania Factsheet. https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/tanzania\/fact-sheet\/jun-13-2023-tanzania-hivaids-fact-sheet. 2023. 2024 October 7."},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref012","article-title":"Tanzania\u2019s human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program: Community awareness, feasibility, and acceptability of a national HPV vaccination program, 2019","author":"AJ Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322311.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25329","article-title":"Analytical performance of a low-cost multiplex polymerase chain reaction human papillomavirus genotyping assay for use in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"91","author":"K Samwel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322311.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00793-07","article-title":"Genotyping of human papillomaviruses by a novel one-step typing method with multiplex PCR and clinical applications","volume":"46","author":"M Nishiwaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322311.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001754","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Invasive Cervical Carcinoma in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Women in Zimbabwe","volume":"79","author":"W Mudini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0322311.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022.55.9.042","article-title":"Untold story of human cervical cancers: HPV-negative cervical cancer","volume":"55","author":"J-E Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322311.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001113","article-title":"Effect of HIV Infection on Human Papillomavirus Types Causing Invasive Cervical Cancer in Africa","volume":"73","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763717","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.763717","article-title":"HPV Type Distribution in HIV Positive and Negative Women With or Without Cervical Dysplasia or Cancer in East Africa","volume":"11","author":"R Mcharo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00178","article-title":"Persistent Low-Risk and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections of the Uterine Cervix in HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Women","volume":"5","author":"SN Adebamowo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes in sub-Saharan Africa according to HIV status: a 20-year systematic review","author":"JO Okoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0322311.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33033","article-title":"Association of HPV35 with cervical carcinogenesis among women of African ancestry: Evidence of viral-host interaction with implications for disease intervention","volume":"147","author":"M Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fighting cervical cancer in Africa: Taking a closer look at human papillomavirus","author":"UU Ukeke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0322311.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2022.1348","article-title":"Cervical cancer in women living in South Africa: a record linkage study of the National Health Laboratory Service and the National Cancer Registry","volume":"16","author":"T Dhokotera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:28:27Z","timestamp":1754069307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322311"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fengyi","family":"Jin,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}