{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T20:40:11Z","timestamp":1746650411306,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Youth Innovation Project of Science and Technology of University in Shandong Province","award":["2019KJG015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KJG015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A three-dimensional continuous-discontinuous numerical model was established through FLAC3D-PFC3D simulation coupling to study the fracture damage and energy dissipation characteristics of granite under varying confining pressures, based on X-ray diffraction and laboratory mechanical tests. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the simulation outcomes of the coupling model and the laboratory experiments, particularly concerning mineral composition. At approximately 65% of the peak strength of granite, internal cracks emerged and propagated rapidly around particles with weaker strength, resulting in the formation of primary \u201cX\u201d type cracks that diagonally penetrated the rock sample, accompanied by secondary tensile cracks. As the confining pressure increased, the ratio of tensile cracks in rock sample failure decreased, while the ratio of shear cracks increased. This transition from brittle to plastic failure in granite was effectively inhibited by confining pressure, which altered the failure process. Interestingly, granite exhibited a consistent energy evolution pattern under varying confining pressures. Prior to reaching peak strength, energy accumulation predominated, shifting to dissipation and release after the peak was surpassed. Notably, the impact of confining pressure on fthe elastic deformation energy of the rock mass was more significant than on dissipative deformation energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T20:03:22Z","timestamp":1746648202000},"page":"e0322377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fracture damage and energy dissipation of granite based on continuous-discontinuous coupling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Run-Zhi","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2684-4709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hong-Jie","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Zhen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0322377.ref001","volume-title":"Macro-mesoscopic failure process and numerical simulation of fractured rock mass. Ph.D. Thesis","author":"C Xie","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref002","first-page":"35","article-title":"Experimental investigations of releasable energy and dissipative energy within rock","volume":"28","author":"LY Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng Mechan"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pone.0322377.ref003","first-page":"2603","article-title":"Triaxial mechanical properties and strength model of heat-damaged marble","volume":"38","author":"D Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref004","volume-title":"Study on the evolution and distribution of deformation energy in surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel. Ph.D. Thesis","author":"ZY Li","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref005","first-page":"317","article-title":"Scanning electronic microscope tests for rock micro-rup-ture mechanism and fracture characteristic of phyllite.","volume":"19","author":"D Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Eng Geol"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref006","first-page":"2399","article-title":"Studies of mesomechanical structure characters of surrounding rock failure under complex stress state","volume-title":"Rock Soil Mechan","author":"SY Wen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322377.ref007","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Research on rockburst proneness and its microcosmic mechanism of granite considering temperature effect","volume":"29","author":"ZZ Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref008","volume-title":"Macro-meso mechanical properties and fracture evolution mechanisms of backfill-rock under triaxial effect. Ph.D. Thesis","author":"X Yu","year":"2022"},{"issue":"B4","key":"pone.0322377.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB04p02915","article-title":"Acoustic emission study of microfracturing during the cyclic loading of westerly granite","volume":"86","author":"CH Sondergeld","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322377.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00879434","article-title":"Source mechanisms and microfracturing during uniaxial cycling of rock","volume":"120","author":"CH. Sondergeld","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophysics"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322377.ref011","first-page":"2238","article-title":"Evolution of strength parameters and energy dissipation of Beishan deep granite under conventional triaxial compression","volume":"40","author":"CL Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322377.ref012","first-page":"18","article-title":"Experimental and numerical research on crack propagation in rock under compression","volume":"22","author":"WZ Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref013","first-page":"474","article-title":"Research on formation mode and mechanism of layered rock surface fractures under uniaxial tension load","volume":"32","author":"CY Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref014","first-page":"468","article-title":"Study on the effect of grain size-particle size ratio on the dynamic tensile properties of granite based on PFC3D-GBM","volume":"41","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref015","first-page":"406","article-title":"Macro-meso shear mechanical behaviors of coalescent rock joints with different morphologies","volume":"43","author":"XR Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Geotech Eng"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref016","author":"Y Lai","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref017","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322377.ref018","first-page":"32","article-title":"Study on failure mechanism of red sandstone based on PFC2D","volume":"47","author":"LJ Zhou","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322377.ref019","first-page":"538","article-title":"Microscopic numerical simulation on crack expansion and energy evolution of sandstone with prefabricated joint under hydro-mechanical coupling condition","volume":"39","author":"C Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Huaqiao Univ (Nat Sci)"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref020","volume-title":"Yangtze River Science Institute of Water Resources Commission. SL\/T264-2020 Rock Test Code for Water Consend hydropower Projects","author":"JB Zhu","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref021","volume-title":"Numerical Calculation method and application of PFC2D\/3D particle discrete element","author":"T Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref022","volume-title":"Particle Flow (PFC5.0) Numerical Simulation technology and application","author":"C Shi","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref023","volume-title":"Study on the triaxial mechanical properties and particle flow simulation of granites with different grain size after high temperature. M.Eng. Thesis","author":"JP Dong","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref024","volume-title":"Study on meso failure mechanism of granite based on strain enhancement effect. M.Eng. Thesis","author":"Z Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0322377.ref025","volume-title":"Study on macroscopic failure and energy evolution of heterogeneous granite. M.Eng. Thesis","author":"T Gao","year":"2022"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0322377.ref026","first-page":"3003","article-title":"Criteria for strength and structural failure of rocks based on energy dissipation and energy release principles","author":"HP Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Rock Mechanics Eng"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T20:03:33Z","timestamp":1746648213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322377"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}