{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T03:19:21Z","timestamp":1787455161692,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016142","name":"College of Agriculture, Shiraz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for natural medicine has increased the significance of <jats:italic>Silybum marianum<\/jats:italic> as a valuable medicinal plant. It is used to restore liver cells; reduce blood cholesterol; prevent prostate, skin, and breast cancer; and protect cervical cells and kidneys. To identify ecological factors affecting the distribution and amount of silymarin in <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic> three machine learning algorithms including boosted regression trees (BRT), random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM) have been applied in Fars Province, Iran. Fourteen factors affecting <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic> growth and development were determined and subsequently converted into raster maps for the modeling phase using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Subsequently, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and random forest algorithm were used to evaluate the models and the significance of the factors, respectively. Results showed that The RF (ROC: 0.99), BRT (ROC: 0.98), and SVM (ROC: 0.96) models were highly accurate in predicting the habitat suitability of <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic>. The results of the RF algorithm also revealed that factors such as distance from roads, elevation, and mean annual rainfall had the most significant influence on the habitat suitability of <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic>. In addition, the mean annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, and elevation had the highest effects on silymarin accumulation. In general, the northern and northwestern regions of the Fars Province offer optimal environmental conditions for the growth of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>marianum<\/jats:italic>. The southern and southwestern regions of Fars Province, characterized by higher temperatures and lower precipitation, are suitable for the enhanced biosynthesis of silymarin and expansion of its cultivation and production. This study provides a robust framework for understanding the ecological preferences of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>marianum<\/jats:italic> and optimizing its cultivation and management for pharmaceutical applications. By identifying the most influential environmental variables, this research has the potential for the sustainable utilization of this species, enhancing both its conservation and use as a medicinal resource.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:33:47Z","timestamp":1752255227000},"page":"e0322442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modelling key ecological factors influencing the distribution and content of silymarin antioxidant in Silybum marianum L."],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mahboobe","family":"Hojati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-8124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruhollah","family":"Naderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Edalat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Pourghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0322442.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030729","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) as a novel multipurpose crop for agriculture in marginal environments: A review","volume":"12","author":"R Marceddu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.027","article-title":"Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed","volume":"34","author":"A Karkanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104797","article-title":"In Silybum marianum Italian wild populations the variability of silymarin profiles results from the combination of only two stable chemotypes","volume":"148","author":"T Martinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10496470801946034","article-title":"Variation in Flavonolignan Concentration of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Fruits Grown in Iran","volume":"13","author":"M Shokrpour","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Herbs Spices Med Plants"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115567","article-title":"An optimized herbal combination for the treatment of liver fibrosis: Hub genes, bioactive ingredients, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"297","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0322442.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091085","article-title":"Using Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Extract to Improve the Welfare, Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken","volume":"12","author":"W Bendowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.017","article-title":"The silymarin composition\u2026 and why does it matter???","volume":"100","author":"CS Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0322442.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3207","article-title":"Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future","volume":"24","author":"L Abenavoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.130295","article-title":"Investigation of the evolved pyrolytic products and energy potential of Bagasse: experimental, kinetic, thermodynamic and boosted regression trees analysis","volume":"394","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4010204","article-title":"Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"PF Surai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0322442.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165327","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin","volume":"27","author":"K Wadhwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322442.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01886","article-title":"Priming of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn seeds with H2O2 and magnetic field ameliorates seawater stress","volume":"5","author":"MM Migahid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322442.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01244-5","article-title":"Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"BP Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04826-x","article-title":"Genetic diversities in wild and cultivated populations of the two closely-related medical plants species, Tripterygium Wilfordii and T. Hypoglaucum (Celastraceae)","volume":"24","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref015","first-page":"142","article-title":"Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues.","volume-title":"Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries","author":"U Schippmann","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110985","article-title":"Mulching practices alter soil microbial functional diversity and benefit to soil quality in orchards on the Loess Plateau","volume":"271","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref017","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Impact of climate change on medicinal and aromatic plants","volume":"86","author":"M Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Agricult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101930","article-title":"Predictive mapping of two endemic oak tree species under climate change scenarios in a semiarid region: Range overlap and implications for conservation","volume":"73","author":"AA Hama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.01.011","article-title":"Anthropogenic impacts on phytosociological features and soil microbial health of Colchicum luteum L. an endangered medicinal plant of North Western Himalaya","volume":"29","author":"R Ahmad Rather","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.114416","article-title":"Assessment of suitable cultivation region for Panax notoginseng under different climatic conditions using MaxEnt model and high-performance liquid chromatography in China","volume":"176","author":"P Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133681","article-title":"From wild harvest towards precision agriculture: Use of Ecological Niche Modelling to direct potential cultivation of wild medicinal plants in Crete","volume":"694","author":"M Bariotakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103343","article-title":"Coupling geographic information system integrated fuzzy logic-analytical hierarchy process with global and machine learning based sensitivity analysis for agricultural suitability mapping","volume":"196","author":"S Talukdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agricultural Syst"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00421","article-title":"A systematic review of marine-based species distribution models (SDMs) with recommendations for best practice","volume":"4","author":"NM Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Marine Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322442.ref024","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Range Dynamics of Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in Northern Eurasia under Global Climate Change Based on Ensemble Species Distribution Models","volume":"12","author":"V Petrosyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref025","article-title":"Species distribution models rarely predict the biology of real populations","volume":"2022","author":"J A. Lee\u2010Yaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13736","article-title":"Integrated SDM database: Enhancing the relevance and utility of species distribution models in conservation management","volume":"13","author":"VF Frans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06027-8","article-title":"Integrating population genetics and species distribution modelling to guide conservation of the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus, in Croatia","volume":"12","author":"L Lovren\u010di\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.004","article-title":"Machine learning approaches in GIS-based ecological modeling of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Golestan province, Iran","volume":"188","author":"A Mollalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.2745","article-title":"Modelling flood susceptibility in northern Iran: Application of five well\u2010known machine\u2010learning models","volume":"71","author":"A Kohansarbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Irrigation Drainage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref030","first-page":"160","article-title":"Completeness and underestimation of cancer mortality rate in Iran: a report from Fars Province in southern Iran","volume":"18","author":"M Marzban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322442.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-018-0451-z","article-title":"The prediction of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation regime in Iran: the case of Fars province","volume":"4","author":"S Salimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref032","article-title":"A new methodology using geographical information system \u2018GIS\u2019 for assessing livestock pressure in the Qareh Aghaj sub-basin, southern Iran","volume":"4","author":"M Masoudi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Environ Pollut Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref033","first-page":"272","article-title":"Determinants of land use change in Fars province, Iran","volume":"13","author":"M Fatemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Agricult Res Govern Ecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322442.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-12165-x","article-title":"The effects of environmental factors on plant diversity of Darab natural ecosystems in Fars province, Iran","volume":"195","author":"F Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2009.01041.x","article-title":"Determining the important environmental variables controlling plant species community composition in mesotrophic grasslands in Great Britain","volume":"12","author":"V Kalusov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Vegetat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-4471.2014.00007.0","article-title":"Influence of landscape attributes on soil-plant inter-relationships","volume":"6","author":"DVK Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Adv Agricul Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref037","first-page":"105","article-title":"Why 70\/30 or 80\/20 Relation Between Training and Testing Sets: A Pedagogical Explanation","volume":"11","author":"A Gholamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Intell Technol Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x","article-title":"Hydrometer Method Improved for Making Particle Size Analyses of Soils1","volume":"54","author":"GJ Bouyoucos","year":"1962","journal-title":"Agronomy J"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-195408000-00012","volume-title":"Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils","author":"LA Richards","year":"1954"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-193401000-00003","article-title":"An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method","volume":"37","author":"A Walkley","year":"1934","journal-title":"Soil Science"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref041","first-page":"595","article-title":"Nitrogen\u2014Total.","volume-title":"Agronomy Monographs","author":"JM Bremner","year":"1982"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50417-5_43","article-title":"A novel formulation for inverse distance weighting from weighted linear regression","volume-title":"Computational Science\u2013ICCS 2020: 20th International Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 3\u20135, 2020, Proceedings, Part II 20","author":"LR Emmendorfer","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10333-012-0319-1","article-title":"Estimation of the spatial rainfall distribution using inverse distance weighting (IDW) in the middle of Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"F-W Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paddy Water Environ"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2021.08.073","article-title":"Fuzzy rank cluster top k Euclidean distance and triangle based algorithm for magnetic field indoor positioning system","volume":"61","author":"CEA Bundak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng J"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00071-0","article-title":"Pressurized liquid extraction of medicinal plants","volume":"837","author":"B Benthin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learn"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121549","article-title":"An improved random forest based on the classification accuracy and correlation measurement of decision trees","volume":"237","author":"Z Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130535","article-title":"Reconstructing high-resolution groundwater level data using a hybrid random forest model to quantify distributed groundwater changes in the Indus Basin","volume":"628","author":"A Arshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73559-6","article-title":"Orthopedic disease classification based on breadth-first search algorithm","volume":"14","author":"AM Elshewey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129914","article-title":"Predicting the performance and emissions of an HCCI-DI engine powered by waste cooking oil biodiesel with Al2O3 and FeCl3 nano additives and gasoline injection\u2013A random forest machine learning approach","volume":"357","author":"GL Leo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322442.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2023.09.011","article-title":"Decision trees and random forests","volume":"164","author":"T Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01881","article-title":"sdm: a reproducible and extensible R platform for species distribution modelling","volume":"39","author":"B Naimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269698","article-title":"Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification","volume":"26","author":"M Pal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A working guide to boosted regression trees","volume":"77","author":"J Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[243:BTFEMA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Boosted trees for ecological modeling and prediction","volume":"88","author":"G De\u2019ath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.353","article-title":"Modeling Tick Populations: An Ecological Test Case for Gradient Boosted Trees","volume":"3","author":"W Manley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peer Community J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322442.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x","article-title":"Novel methods improve prediction of species\u2019 distributions from occurrence data","volume":"29","author":"J Elith*","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.130671","article-title":"Importance of forest stand structures for gross rainfall partitioning on China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"631","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110986","article-title":"Adaptive SV-Borderline SMOTE-SVM algorithm for imbalanced data classification","volume":"150","author":"J Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.103159","article-title":"Forecasting annual natural gas consumption in USA: Application of machine learning techniques-ANN and SVM","volume":"80","author":"S Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125671","article-title":"Forecasting municipal solid waste quantity using artificial neural network and supported vector machine techniques: A case study of Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"289","author":"OO Ayeleru","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(03)00373-4","article-title":"Advanced support vector machines and kernel methods","volume":"55","author":"VD S\u00e1nchez A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100800","article-title":"Comparison of accuracy and reliability of random forest, support vector machine, artificial neural network and maximum likelihood method in land use\/cover classification of urban setting","volume":"14","author":"MS Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Challenges"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.005","article-title":"High neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio is associated with sarcopenia risk in hospitalized cancer patients","volume":"40","author":"TC Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121642","article-title":"Analysis of individual red blood cells for celiac disease diagnosis","volume":"221","author":"NM Ralbovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155323","article-title":"Cytokine profile and disease severity in patients with COVID-19","volume":"137","author":"A Ghazavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa686","article-title":"The CALL Score for Predicting Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"72","author":"E Grifoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603518812552","article-title":"The Minimal Clinically Important Difference and Substantial Clinical Benefit in the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures of Patients Undergoing Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee","volume":"12","author":"T Ogura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.028","article-title":"ROC curves for clinical prediction models part 1. ROC plots showed no added value above the AUC when evaluating the performance of clinical prediction models","volume":"126","author":"JY Verbakel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/9.4.506","article-title":"ROC curves for the initial assessment of new diagnostic tests","volume":"9","author":"YT Van der Schouw","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","article-title":"A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors","volume":"41","author":"RM O\u2019brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref073","first-page":"186","article-title":"The data model concept in statistical mapping","volume":"7","author":"GF Jenks","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int Yearbook Cartograph"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12406-7","article-title":"Habitat suitability of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) MILL. (CACTACEAE): a comparative temporal evaluation using diverse bio-climatic earth system models and ensemble machine learning approach","volume":"196","author":"M Mathur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14050447","article-title":"Machine Learning Modeling of Aedes albopictus Habitat Suitability in the 21st Century","volume":"14","author":"P Georgiades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12347-1","article-title":"Global spatial distribution of Prosopis juliflora - one of the world\u2019s worst 100 invasive alien species under changing climate using multiple machine learning models","volume":"196","author":"SV Pasha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Monitor Assess"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2022.126159","article-title":"Current capacity, bottlenecks, and future projections for offsetting habitat loss using mitigation and conservation banking in the United States","volume":"67","author":"S Theis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nature Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46958-4","article-title":"Increase of nesting habitat suitability for green turtles in a warming Mediterranean Sea","volume":"13","author":"C Mancino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.062","article-title":"Identification of Distinct Clinical Subphenotypes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19","volume":"160","author":"CR Vasquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111412","article-title":"Spatiotemporal persistence of bat roadkill hotspots in response to dynamics of habitat suitability and activity patterns","volume":"277","author":"D Medinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2020.104416","article-title":"Prediction of habitat suitability for the desert monitor (Varanus griseus caspius) under the influence of future climate change","volume":"186","author":"S Shadloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322442.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-020-01105-6","article-title":"Optimization of spatial scale, but not functional shape, affects the performance of habitat suitability models: a case study of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"E Ash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref083","first-page":"4389","article-title":"Changing scenario of medicinal plants diversity in relation to climate change: a review","author":"M Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plantarchives"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041993","article-title":"Willingness to Receive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Associated Factors among Chinese Adults: A Cross Sectional Survey","volume":"18","author":"L Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322442.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-021-01742-z","article-title":"Exact solution of the semiconfined harmonic oscillator model with a position-dependent effective mass","volume":"136","author":"EI Jafarov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref086","first-page":"1","article-title":"Discriminant analysis versus random forests on qualitative data: Contingent valuation method applied to the Seine estuary wetlands","volume":"20","author":"D Laroutis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Ecol Econ Statist"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042402","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.16.042402","article-title":"Assessing the niche of Rhododendron arboreum using entropy and machine learning algorithms: role of atmospheric, ecological, and hydrological variables","volume":"16","author":"A Anand","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Rem Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16571-y","article-title":"Predicting suitable habitats of Melia azedarach L. in China using data mining","volume":"12","author":"L Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097122","article-title":"Mapping species distributions with MAXENT using a geographically biased sample of presence data: a performance assessment of methods for correcting sampling bias","volume":"9","author":"Y Fourcade","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.07.024","article-title":"Evaluating the approaches of habitat suitability modelling for whitespotted conger (Conger myriaster)","volume":"195","author":"M Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fisheries Res"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2019.03.012","article-title":"On the use of Sentinel-2 for coastal habitat mapping and satellite-derived bathymetry estimation using downscaled coastal aerosol band","volume":"80","author":"D Poursanidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112015","article-title":"Evaluation of different boosting ensemble machine learning models and novel deep learning and boosting framework for head-cut gully erosion susceptibility","volume":"284","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-023-01789-8","article-title":"Comparing the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms for Groundwater Mapping in Delhi","volume":"52","author":"Z Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1071\/WF11178","article-title":"Wildfire ignition-distribution modelling: a comparative study in the Huron\u2013Manistee National Forest, Michigan, USA","volume":"22","author":"AB Massada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322442.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10816","article-title":"A field-validated ensemble species distribution model of Eriogonum pelinophilum, an endangered subshrub in Colorado, USA","volume":"13","author":"SN Zimmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2017.10.008","article-title":"Revisiting probabilistic neural networks: a comparative study with support vector machines and the microhabitat suitability for the Eastern Iberian chub (Squalius valentinus)","volume":"43","author":"R Mu\u00f1oz-Mas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322442.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00358.x","article-title":"AUC: a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models","volume":"17","author":"JM Lobo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeograph"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2011.07.004","article-title":"Habitat suitability modelling for species at risk is sensitive to algorithm and scale: A case study of Blanding\u2019s turtle, Emydoidea blandingii, in Ontario, Canada","volume":"20","author":"CS Millar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nature Conserv"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0322442.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14621","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114621","article-title":"An Integrated Approach to Map the Impact of Climate Change on the Distributions of Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna in Kurdistan Region, Iraq","volume":"14","author":"KO Radha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12438-z","article-title":"Climatic variables are more effective on the spatial distribution of oak forests than land use change across their historical range","volume":"196","author":"H Mirhashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2023.126505","article-title":"Predicting the geographical distribution of the Persian leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana, a rare and endangered species","volume":"76","author":"KA Majeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nature Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302417","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1302417","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing potential distribution of Schisandra sphenanthera and its accumulation of medicinal components","volume":"14","author":"J Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0322442.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7916","DOI":"10.3390\/su15107916","article-title":"Predicting the Effects of Future Climate Change on the Potential Distribution of Eolagurus luteus in Xinjiang","volume":"15","author":"Q An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref104","first-page":"58","article-title":"Predicting the habitat suitability of the Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia S. Muller) using ecological niche factor analysis","volume":"13","author":"G Oca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecosyst Develop J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322442.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12894","article-title":"A quantitative synthesis of the importance of variables used in MaxEnt species distribution models","volume":"44","author":"J Bradie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biogeograph"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58975-2_1","article-title":"Medicinal Plants and Herbal Drugs: An Overview.","volume-title":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Healthcare and Industrial Applications","author":"B Ahad","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109879","article-title":"Distribution of important medicinal plant species in Nepal under past, present, and future climatic conditions","volume":"146","author":"RM Kunwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Indicators"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322442.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-019-01489-5","article-title":"Past, present, and future geographic range of an oro-Mediterranean Tertiary relict: The juniperus drupacea case study","volume":"19","author":"\u0141 Walas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Environ Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3406\/ecmed.2013.1303","article-title":"Ecological characterization of the Juniperus excelsa stands in Lebanon","volume":"39","author":"B Cheikha Douaihy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Mediterranea"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9936-9_1","article-title":"The Current Status of Population Extinction and Biodiversity Crisis of Medicinal Plants.","volume-title":"Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Conservation","author":"M Halder","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12420","article-title":"Chronic anthropogenic disturbance drives the biological impoverishment of the Brazilian Caatinga vegetation","volume":"52","author":"EMS Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322442.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9384-6","article-title":"Geographic distribution patterns and status assessment of threatened plants in China","volume":"17","author":"Y-B Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"issue":"1940","key":"pone.0322442.ref113","first-page":"20201571","article-title":"Habitat loss alters effects of intransitive higher-order competition on biodiversity: a new metapopulation framework","volume":"287","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322442.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37495-1","article-title":"Predicting phytochemical diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) across eco-climatic zones and elevation in Uttarakhand using Generalized Additive Model","volume":"13","author":"D Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322442.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13121193","article-title":"Altitudinal Variation on Metabolites, Elements, and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plant Asarum","volume":"13","author":"L Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.01.022","article-title":"Changes in water stable aggregate and soil carbon accumulation in a no-tillage with weed mulch management site after conversion from conventional management practices","author":"M Arai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.06.057","article-title":"Ecological survey, population assessment and habitat distribution modelling for conserving Fritillaria roylei\u2014A critically endangered Himalayan medicinal herb","volume":"160","author":"R Chandora","year":"2023","journal-title":"South African J Botany"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322442.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/24749508.2022.2163606","article-title":"Plant species diversity and density patterns along altitude gradient covering high-altitude alpine regions of west Himalaya, India","volume":"8","author":"KC Sekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geol Ecol Landscapes"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref119","first-page":"159","article-title":"The influence of climate change on distribution of an endangered medicinal plant (Fritillaria imperialis L.) in central Zagros","volume":"9","author":"AA Naghipour Borj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rangeland Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/159893","article-title":"How do Environmental Variables Affect the Suitable Habitat of Medicinal Plants? A Case Study of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle in China","volume":"32","author":"Y Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol J Environ Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322442.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2022.02.001","article-title":"Distribution analysis of wild medicinal plants in Ada\u2019a District, Ethiopia: A means to identify most prior species for conservation","volume":"43","author":"A Kefalew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ecologica Sinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322442.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.06.007","article-title":"Effects of growing location on the contents of secondary metabolites in the leaves of four selected superior clones of Eucommia ulmoides","volume":"34","author":"J Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"pone.0322442.ref123","first-page":"3325","article-title":"Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Original Research Article Quantitative and Qualitative Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used in Oulmes Region, Morocco for the Treatment of Diseases and Infections","volume":"07","author":"H Ikraoun","year":"2023","journal-title":". Trop J Natural Prod Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322442.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.012","article-title":"Recent trends of machine learning applied to multi-source data of medicinal plants","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:34:07Z","timestamp":1752255247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322442"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samar","family":"Baig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322442","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}