{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T20:21:28Z","timestamp":1757622088331,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of the nuclear medicine business worldwide, the removal of iodine-131 from specific contaminated environments to protect public health has important application prospects. In this study, the surface decontamination mechanism of Ce(IV)\/HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> as a decontaminant for iodine-131-contaminated nonmetallic materials was investigated by using an orthogonal experimental method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During the preparation experiments with the contaminated materials, both quartz glass and ceramics reached peak activity concentration levels at 4\u2009h of adsorption (contamination) by using immersion; the decontamination factor (DF) was selected as the test index for the decontamination experiments. The influence order of temperature, Ce(IV) concentration, HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentration and decontamination time on the decontamination factor (DF) was investigated with an orthogonal test and extreme difference analysis. The optimal combination of factors under the set experimental conditions was obtained after a comprehensive analysis. The optimal combination for quartz glass was a decontamination time of 2.0 h&gt;temperature of 60\u00b0C\u2009&gt;\u2009Ce(IV) concentration of 0.02\u2009mol\/L\u2009&gt;\u2009HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentration of 1.5\u2009mol\/L; the optimal combination for the ceramic sheet was a Ce (IV) concentration of 0.02\u2009mol\/L&gt;temperature of 80\u00b0C &gt;decontamination time of 1 h\u2009&gt;\u2009HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentration of 2.0\u2009mol\/L. Additionally, from the SEM analysis, the material surface decontamination process removed the surface iodine-131 and the highly accumulated organic substances; overall, a better decontamination effect was achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T17:44:51Z","timestamp":1757353491000},"page":"e0322683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of the decontamination of common nonmetallic materials by Ce(IV)\/HNO3"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jianzhu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxiang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-4572","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangnai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8488-3626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322683.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c03794","article-title":"Healable and Transparent Ionic Conductive Hydrogels Based on PNATF as Multiple-Signal Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Polym Mater"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0322683.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132305","article-title":"Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Zinc from Spent Ni-Metal Hydride Batteries: Statistical Studies","volume":"12","author":"AR Weshahy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref003","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Recent advances in polymeric and nanocomposite materials for radioactive wastewater treatment","volume":"331","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Radioanal Nucl Chem"},{"volume-title":"Examination of decontamination of surface","year":"1995","author":"M Miazek-Kula","key":"pone.0322683.ref004"},{"volume-title":"Radioactivity in the environment: sources of radioactivity in the environment","year":"1968","author":"M Isenbud","key":"pone.0322683.ref005"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref006","first-page":"31","article-title":"Using Ce (IV) and ozone decontamination technology MEDOC: from laboratory and to industrial application","volume":"6","author":"M Ponne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foreign Nucl Power"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322683.ref007","first-page":"93","article-title":"Using starch powder for the decontamination of I-131 in isolation rooms","volume":"29","author":"S Al-Khanbashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374135-6.00017-0","article-title":"Radiochemistry of iodine: Relevance to health and disease","volume-title":"Comprehensive handbook of iodine","author":"CC Lin","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref009","first-page":"127","article-title":"Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for stabilization and solidification of mixed waste","volume-title":"Hazardous and radioactive waste treatment technologies handbook","author":"AS Wagh","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.009","article-title":"Characterization of radioactive contaminants and water treatment trials for the Taiwan Research Reactor\u2019s spent fuel pool","author":"C-P Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2010.10.027","article-title":"Radioactive contamination of ZnWO4 crystal scintillators","volume":"626","author":"P Belli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116342","article-title":"Rapid solidification of simulated radioactive contaminated soil by continuous microwave sintering: Effects of temperature and doping level","volume":"324","author":"W Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.123534","article-title":"Immobilization of simulated An4 in radioactive contaminated clay via microwave sintering","volume":"254","author":"X Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.115541","article-title":"Efficient encapsulation of toxic dye from wastewater using biodegradable polymeric adsorbent","volume":"329","author":"KT Kubra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Liquids"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.12.094","article-title":"A novel facial composite adsorbent for enhanced copper(II) detection and removal from wastewater","volume":"266","author":"MdR Awual","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105868","article-title":"Optical detection and recovery of Yb (III) from waste sample using novel sensor ensemble nanomaterials","volume":"162","author":"MS Salman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchemical Journal"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.05.003","article-title":"Radio-decontamination efficacy and safety studies on optimized decontamination lotion formulation","volume":"434","author":"S Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref018","unstructured":"Bihi A, Zimmer M, Johnson A. Radionuclidic contamination in nuclear medicine: Evaluation of various decontamination products. 2010."},{"volume-title":"Contamination and decontamination tests with ground and fire-polished glass surfaces","year":"1968","author":"H Vogg","key":"pone.0322683.ref019"},{"volume-title":"Investigation of the decontamination action of commercial and laboratory detergents","year":"1969","author":"J Schmitz","key":"pone.0322683.ref020"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2014.05.029","article-title":"Silver nanoparticle-containing submicron-in-size mesoporous silica-based systems for iodine entrapment and immobilization from gas phase","volume":"196","author":"N Mnasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous and mesoporous materials"},{"volume-title":"Ceric acid decontamination of nuclear reactors: United States US4880559","year":"1989","author":"AP Murray","key":"pone.0322683.ref022"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref023","first-page":"31","article-title":"Using Ce (IV) and ozone decontamination technology MEDOC: from laboratory and to industrial application","volume":"6","author":"M Ponne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foreign Nucl Power"},{"volume-title":"Thorough chemical decontamination with the MEDOC process: batch treatment of dismantled pieces or loop treatment of large components such as the BR3 steam generator and pressurizer R","year":"2003","author":"M Ponnet","key":"pone.0322683.ref024"},{"volume-title":"Ceric acid decontamination of nuclear reactors: United States US4880559","year":"1989","author":"AP Murray","key":"pone.0322683.ref025"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref026","article-title":"Thorough chemical decontamination MEDOC registered trademark: An effective way to reduce metallic waste volume of the dismantled materials.","author":"P Mathieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. Bruges, Belgium: ICEM"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref027","first-page":"375","article-title":"The decontamination activities for metal parts in fire alarm production line decommissioning","volume":"27","author":"Z Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322683.ref028","first-page":"329","article-title":"Preliminary study on safety of Ce(\u2163)\/HNO3 decontamination technology in engineering application","volume":"27","author":"M Pengxun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiation Protection"},{"volume-title":"Thorough chemical decontamination with the MEDOC process: batch treatment of dismantled pieces or loop treatment of large components such as the BR3 steam generator and pressurizer","year":"2003","author":"M Ponnet","key":"pone.0322683.ref029"},{"volume-title":"Decontamination technics and eradicator for radioactive decontaminated metals","year":"2005","author":"X Ren","key":"pone.0322683.ref030"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322683.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-008-0612-z","article-title":"A method for removing surface contamination on ultra-pure copper spectrometer components","volume":"276","author":"EW Hoppe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Radioanal Nucl Chem"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref032","first-page":"7957370","article-title":"Study on the extraction of cerium (IV) from nitric acid medium with tri-isoamyl phosphate","volume":"2022","author":"G-N Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref033","first-page":"193","article-title":"The status quo and development trends of decontamination technology on in-service nuclear equipment","volume":"5","author":"W Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering & Equipment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322683.ref034","first-page":"39","article-title":"A study on decontamination technology of ultrasonic wave cerium(\u2163)","volume":"37","author":"i Liu Y","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Protection"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref035","volume-title":"Rare earth","author":"X Guangxian","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"volume-title":"A Manual on Corrosion and Protection Volume I: A Theoretical Experiment and Monitoring of Corrosion","year":"2008","author":"Tianhua Institute of Chemical Machinery & Automation Co., Ltd.","key":"pone.0322683.ref036"},{"volume-title":"Decontamination technology for nuclear facilities","author":"K Ishikawa","key":"pone.0322683.ref037"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref038","first-page":"570","article-title":"Arithmetic and Galois checksums.","author":"NR Saxena","year":"1989","journal-title":"1989 IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.02.066","article-title":"Ultimate selenium(IV) monitoring and removal from water using a new class of organic ligand based composite adsorbent","volume":"291","author":"MR Awual","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103094","article-title":"Enhancing dehydration\/desalting efficiency of crude oil emulsions through experimental and computational insights","volume":"24","author":"S Ahmadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results in Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322683.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59325-4","article-title":"Ultrathin Assembles of Porous Array for Enhanced H2 Evolution","volume":"10","author":"A Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.03.073","article-title":"Large-pore diameter nano-adsorbent and its application for rapid lead (II) detection and removal from aqueous media","volume":"273","author":"A Shahat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"pone.0322683.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.02.097","article-title":"Functional ligand anchored nanomaterial based facial adsorbent for cobalt (II) detection and removal from water samples","volume":"271","author":"A Shahat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T17:45:16Z","timestamp":1757353516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322683"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sadia","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322683","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]}}}