{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:35:36Z","timestamp":1784090136771,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beryllium, possessing unique nuclear physical properties, is currently widely used as a material for reflector and neutron moderator blocks of research nuclear reactors. It can also be applied in fusion energy as a first-wall material and neutron multiplier. However, when beryllium is irradiated, its physical-mechanical properties deteriorate due to radiation-induced microstructural damage, the generation of tritium and helium, the activation of impurities under the radiation exposure, and the absorption of fission products, which determines the need for periodic replacement of the beryllium components in nuclear installations. Moreover, due to the relatively low abundance of beryllium, a relevant problem is its purification from radioactive isotopes for potential reuse. To date, chlorination has emerged as one of the most promising methods for purifying irradiated beryllium. This study addresses the optimization of the chemical process parameters and the isolation of the beryllium component from the resulting mixture of chlorination products, including the most active radionuclides: <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H, <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>Co, <jats:sup>108m<\/jats:sup>Ag, and <jats:sup>137<\/jats:sup>Cs. Laboratory-scale experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the irradiated beryllium chlorination technology for its purification. The reduction in the activity level of beryllium and its compounds was objectively monitored using gamma and beta spectrometry methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T17:24:16Z","timestamp":1747416256000},"page":"e0322723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Studying the decontamination process of an irradiated beryllium reflector in a chlorine environment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-7831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Baklanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0322723.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2007.03.253","article-title":"Swelling, mechanical properties and microstructure of beryllium irradiated at 200\u00b0C up to extremely high neutron doses","author":"VP Chakin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3115(98)00106-8","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of neutron irradiated beryllium","author":"E Ishitsuka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3115(96)00027-X","article-title":"High-temperature beryllium embrittlement","author":"AS Pokrovsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3115(98)00771-5","article-title":"Strengthening, loss of strength and embrittlement of beryllium under high temperature neutron irradiation","author":"GA Sernyaev","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref005","first-page":"3","article-title":"Some studies of beryllium and the development of beryllium elements of fusion reactors","volume":"2","author":"DA Davydov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Probl At Sci Technol Ser Thermonucl Fusion"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2016.02.073","article-title":"On use of beryllium in fusion reactors: resources, impurities and necessity of detritiation after irradiation","author":"BN Kolbasov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fusion Eng Design"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2017.11.046","article-title":"Validation of the MCU-PTR computational model of beryllium poisoning using selected experiments at the IRT-T research reactor","volume":"113","author":"MV Shchurovskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Nuclear Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322723.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s10512-021-00816-6","article-title":"Experience of operating VVR-K with a beryllium reflector and low-enriched uranium fuel","volume":"130","author":"LV Chekushina","year":"2021","journal-title":"At Energy"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref009","unstructured":"Dorn C, Tsuchiya K, Kawamura H, et al. Material selection for extended life of the beryllium reflectors in the JMTR. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Materials Testing Reactors; July 16\u201317, 2008; JAEA Oarai RD Center, Japan. pp. 59\u201365."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2014.04.031","article-title":"Properties of tritium\/helium release from hot isostatic pressed beryllium of various trademarks","volume":"452","author":"L Chekushina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref011","unstructured":"Druyts F, Dylst K, Braet J. Beryllium recycling: feasibility and challenges. In: Proceedings of the 8th IEA International Workshop on Beryllium Technology, Lisbon, Portugal, December 5\u20137, 2007."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref012","unstructured":"Tatenuma K, Kawamura H, Tsuchiya K. Beryllium recycle technology. In: Presentation at the Working Meeting, Japan, June 2007."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref013","unstructured":"Kotov V, Savchuk V, Zorin B, et al. Research and development of purification technology of irradiated beryllium. In: ICFRM-14, Sapporo, Japan, September 5-19, 2009."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2011.01.094","article-title":"Present status of refurbishment and irradiation technologies in JMTR","volume":"417","author":"Y Inaba","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nuclear Material"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref015","unstructured":"Baklanova Yu, Kotov VM. Operation control of the beryllium chloride production plant. In: Bulletin of NNC RK. 2013;3:39-44. ISSN 1729-7516. (in Russian)"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref016","unstructured":"Baklanova YuYu, Kotov VM, Vityuk GA. Temperature modes of the beryllium chloride production plant. Bulletin of NNC RK. 2013; 1:70-77. 1729-7516. (in Russian)"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052024","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1115\/5\/052024","article-title":"Activity of irradiated beryllium and waste management after its purification","volume":"1115","author":"IV Prozorova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref018","unstructured":"Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Marubeni Utility Services (MUS). Transportation of irradiated beryllium samples for scientific investigation. Specification of beryllium samples and packaging in containers. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Marubeni Utility Services, Ltd. (MUS); 2009, 10 p."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2013.11.101","article-title":"Photon emission intensities in the decay of 108mAg and 110mAg","volume":"87","author":"L Ferreux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref020","unstructured":"Kotov VM, Baklanova YuYu. A device for producing beryllium chloride from irradiated beryllium and the method of its operation. Innovative patent: (19) KZ (13) A4 (11) 30017, (51) G21F 9\/28 (2006.01) MJ RK. Description of the invention for the innovative patent (21) 2014\/0122.1, (22) 2014 Feb 4, (45) 2015 Jun 15, Bul. No. 6."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref021","article-title":"2019 (E). Water quality. Tritium. A method for activity determination using liquid scintillation counting.","author":"International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref022","article-title":"Brief handbook of a chemist.","author":"VI Perelman"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref023","article-title":"GOST 6718 \u2013 93 (ISO 2120-72, ISO 2121-72). Liquid chlorine. Technical conditions.","author":"Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322723.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012018","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1443\/1\/012018","article-title":"Work safety during purification of irradiated beryllium by chlorination","volume":"1443","author":"YY Baklanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref025","article-title":"Chemistry and technology of rare and scattered elements: textbook for universities,","author":"KA Bolshakov"},{"key":"pone.0322723.ref026","article-title":"Chemistry course.","author":"AN Kharin"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T17:24:24Z","timestamp":1747416264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322723"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alrwashdeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322723","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}