{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1788382954480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["789058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["789058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20229JPNT7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20229JPNT7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory gynaecological condition frequently associated with chronic pelvic pain. Visceral hypersensitivity could be present, like in other chronic pain conditions, causing altered levels of interoception. So far, studies have explored interoceptive deficits in chronic pain individuals mainly using questionnaires or cardiac interoceptive accuracy tasks. Here, we explore the cardiac, gastric, and urinary domains to probe interoceptive differences between patients with endometriosis and healthy women. 30 patients and 30 controls underwent three interoceptive tasks for assessing the cardiac domain (using the Heartbeat Counting Task, HCT), the gastric domain (using the Water Load Test-II, WLT-II) and the bladder domain (using a novel Urinary Interoceptive Task, UIT). Participants also completed bladder interoceptive beliefs measures and subjective pain ratings for each endometriosis symptom (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, chronic pain). A positive correlation between the WLT-II and the UIT emerged in all participants (R\u2009=\u20090.47, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating that the lower the gastric interoceptive abilities, the lower the urinary ones. Moreover, compared to healthy controls, women with endometriosis exhibited lower scores in the WLT-II (t(58) = 4.6814, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the UIT (t(39.931)= 5.1462, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as higher scores in the subjective bladder beliefs questions (t(57.346)= -4.0304, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Results indicate a dissociation between patients\u2019 poor objective performance on interoceptive tasks and their high bladder interoceptive beliefs. UIT scores were associated with pain symptoms, suggesting that patients, probably due to sensitisation, struggle to ignore discomfort sensations, resulting in reduced accuracy in detecting physiological signals coming from the pelvic area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T13:34:03Z","timestamp":1746452043000},"page":"e0322865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impaired gastric and urinary but preserved cardiac interoception in women with endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-7270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Cantoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ciccarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Porpora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore Maria","family":"Aglioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0322865.ref001","first-page":"1587","article-title":"The pains of endometriosis","volume":"308","author":"KJ Berkley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322865.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503-11.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1129","article-title":"\u201cI can\u2019t get no satisfaction\u201d: deep dyspareunia and sexual functioning in women with rectovaginal endometriosis","volume":"98","author":"P Vercellini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"9447","key":"pone.0322865.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17403-5","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"364","author":"LC Giudice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322865.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-606X.21.04779-1","article-title":"A deep insight into pelvic pain and endometriosis: a review of the literature from pathophysiology to clinical expressions","volume":"73","author":"L Masciullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoac009","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac009","article-title":"ESHRE guideline: endometriosis","author":"CM Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322865.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2018.06.003","article-title":"Management of endometriosis: CNGOF\/HAS clinical practice guidelines - Short version","volume":"47","author":"P Collinet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0322865.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1000274","article-title":"Clinical practice. Endometriosis","volume":"362","author":"LC Giudice","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref008","unstructured":"Butrick CW. Patients with Chronic Pelvic Pain: Endometriosis or Interstitial Cystitis\/Painful Bladder Syndrome? 2007."},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S37846","article-title":"Diagnosis, management, and long-term outcomes of rectovaginal endometriosis","volume":"5","author":"NS Moawad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2022.2128644","article-title":"\u201cBetter late than never but never late is better\u201d, especially in young women. A multicenter Italian study on diagnostic delay for symptomatic endometriosis","volume":"28","author":"I Pino","year":"2023","journal-title":"The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care"},{"issue":"42","key":"pone.0322865.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15616","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15616","article-title":"Bowel endometriosis: colorectal surgeon\u2019s perspective in a multidisciplinary surgical team","volume":"20","author":"AM Wolthuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590823","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.590823","article-title":"Pain in Endometriosis","volume":"14","author":"J Maddern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00998738","article-title":"The relationship between muscle discrimination ability and response to relaxation training in three kinds of headaches","volume":"6","author":"EB Blanchard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.009","article-title":"Diseases, Disorders, and Comorbidities of Interoception","volume":"44","author":"B Bonaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322865.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","article-title":"How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body","volume":"3","author":"AD Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00090-4","article-title":"Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body","volume":"13","author":"AD Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref017","article-title":"The contributions of interoceptive awareness to cognitive and affective facets of body experience","author":"S. Duschek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022847131149","article-title":"Deficient discrimination of EMG levels and overestimation of perceived tension in chronic pain patients","volume":"24","author":"H Flor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01000401","article-title":"Discrimination of muscle tension in chronic pain patients and healthy controls","volume":"17","author":"H Flor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322865.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.030","article-title":"On the generalised embodiment of pain: how interoceptive sensitivity modulates cutaneous pain perception","volume":"153","author":"O Pollatos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000365107","article-title":"On the interaction of self-regulation, interoception and pain perception","volume":"47","author":"S Weiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2024.108761","article-title":"Heightened interoception in adults with fibromyalgia","volume":"186","author":"J Todd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108262","article-title":"Towards a comprehensive assessment of interoception in a multi-dimensional framework","volume":"168","author":"C Suksasilp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S152012","article-title":"Pain and emotion as predictive factors of interoception in fibromyalgia","volume":"11","author":"C Borg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.07.973","article-title":"Quality of sex life in women with endometriosis and deep dyspareunia","volume":"83","author":"S Ferrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00229","article-title":"Interoceptive Abilities in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"A Fournier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0322865.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320929426","article-title":"The association of different interoceptive dimensions with functional gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"26","author":"P Gajdos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x","article-title":"Heart beat perception and emotional experience","volume":"18","author":"R Schandry","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.015","article-title":"Pain in the body. Altered interoception in chronic pain conditions: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"D Di Lernia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.05.024","article-title":"Visceral syndrome in endometriosis patients","volume":"179","author":"KE Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300306","article-title":"Visceral hypersensitivity in endometriosis: a new target for treatment?","volume":"61","author":"B Issa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref032","first-page":"153","article-title":"Chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis: an overview","volume":"5","author":"O Triolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104640","article-title":"Pain Severity and Depressive Symptoms in Endometriosis Patients: Mediation of Negative Body Awareness and Interoceptive Self-Regulation","author":"M Spinoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108289","article-title":"What do measures of self-report interoception measure? Insights from a systematic review, latent factor analysis, and network approach","volume":"169","author":"O Desmedt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0322865.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163574","article-title":"The Water Load Test As a Measure of Gastric Interoception: Development of a Two-Stage Protocol and Application to a Healthy Female Population","volume":"11","author":"Z van Dyck","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105388","article-title":"The new measures of interoceptive accuracy: A systematic review and assessment","volume":"153","author":"O Desmedt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322865.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0420-y","article-title":"Do sensation-related bladder diaries differ between patients with urodynamically confirmed and non-objectivised urinary incontinence?","volume":"19","author":"I Naoemova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322865.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-07868-7","article-title":"Bladder Pain Sensitivity Is a Potential Risk Factor for Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"AE Shlobin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.030","article-title":"Identification of experimental bladder sensitivity among dysmenorrhea sufferers","volume":"219","author":"KM Hellman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38545-3","article-title":"Persistent autonomic dysfunction and bladder sensitivity in primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"9","author":"FA Oladosu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.05.050","article-title":"Degree of urge, perception of bladder fullness and bladder volume--how are they related?","volume":"186","author":"R Heeringa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322865.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3735-y","article-title":"Validation of a water-load protocol to define the pattern of bladder sensation","volume":"30","author":"H Medina Lucena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322865.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-007-0079-x","article-title":"Role of distorted body image in pain","volume":"9","author":"M Lotze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.009","article-title":"Chronic pain and distorted body image: Implications for multisensory feedback interventions","volume":"69","author":"D Senkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref045","article-title":"Gynaecology & Obstetrics","volume":"7","author":"M Busacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynaecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040201","article-title":"Altered Interoceptive Perception and the Effects of Interoceptive Analgesia in Musculoskeletal, Primary, and Neuropathic Chronic Pain Conditions","volume":"10","author":"D Di Lernia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0322865.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2578-20.2021","article-title":"Interoception Primes Emotional Processing: Multimodal Evidence from Neurodegeneration","volume":"41","author":"PC Salamone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322865.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322865.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208034","article-title":"The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2)","volume":"13","author":"WE Mehling","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327738","article-title":"The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT): development and validation of a new body image assessment scale","volume":"11","author":"M Cuzzolaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5301\/JE.2012.9725","article-title":"How can we measure endometriosis-associated pelvic pain?","volume":"4","author":"C Gerlinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endometr"},{"issue":"51","key":"pone.0322865.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02306","article-title":"Methods and Algorithms for Correlation Analysis in R","volume":"5","author":"D Makowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.03.012","article-title":"Autonomic imbalance is associated with reduced facial recognition in somatoform disorders","volume":"71","author":"O Pollatos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.09.015","article-title":"Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs","volume":"88","author":"LA Padilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref056","first-page":"38","article-title":"Prevention of cervix cancer. Comparison of the sample quality obtained using cotton swab or cervical brush","volume":"26","author":"AM Redondo Horcajo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00223","article-title":"Multichannel Investigation of Interoception: Sensitivity Is Not a Generalizable Feature","volume":"12","author":"E Ferentzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1708","key":"pone.0322865.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160014","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0014","article-title":"Interoceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes","volume":"371","author":"SN Garfinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322865.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02296.x","article-title":"Perception of gastric contractions and self-control of gastric motility","volume":"17","author":"WE Whitehead","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.09.004","article-title":"Effects of short-term food deprivation on interoceptive awareness, feelings and autonomic cardiac activity","volume":"89","author":"BM Herbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322865.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss089","article-title":"On the embodiment of emotion regulation: interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal","volume":"8","author":"J F\u00fcst\u00f6s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.08.010","article-title":"An investigation of interoceptive processes across the senses","volume":"129","author":"SN Garfinkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4161\/org.25126","article-title":"Functional organization of autonomic neural pathways","volume":"9","author":"I Gibbins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322865.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01891.x","article-title":"Heartbeat detection: judgments of the simultaneity of external stimuli and heartbeats","volume":"25","author":"J Brener","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1708","key":"pone.0322865.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160015","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0015","article-title":"Towards a psychophysics of interoceptive processes: the measurement of heartbeat detection","volume":"371","author":"J Brener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.05.010","article-title":"Is alexithymia characterised by impaired interoception? Further evidence, the importance of control variables, and the problems with the Heartbeat Counting Task","volume":"136","author":"J Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.06.006","article-title":"Interoceptive accuracy scores from the heartbeat counting task are problematic: Evidence from simple bivariate correlations","volume":"137","author":"G Zamariola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2004.09.002","article-title":"Heart rate, heart rate variability, and heartbeat detection with the method of constant stimuli: slow and steady wins the race","volume":"69","author":"K Knapp-Kline","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01876.x","article-title":"The effect of body composition and gender on cardiac awareness","volume":"25","author":"CH Rouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(98)00004-X","article-title":"Differences in heartbeat awareness among males with higher and lower levels of systolic blood pressure","volume":"29","author":"WH O\u2019Brien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref071","article-title":"The effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on self-reported","author":"F Biotti","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322865.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23964","article-title":"Examination of the two-step water load test as a measure of gastric interoception and associations with eating and weight\/shape concerns in a nonclinical sample","volume":"56","author":"E Ahlich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.034","article-title":"Endometriosis, chronic pain, anxiety, and depression: A retrospective study among 12 million women","volume":"346","author":"H Nassiri Kigloo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2251214","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51214","article-title":"Epidemiologic and Genetic Associations of Endometriosis With Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorders","volume":"6","author":"D Koller","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322865.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0021","article-title":"Depression, Anxiety, and Correlating Factors in Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"E van Barneveld","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref076","article-title":"The Relationship Between Pain and Interoception: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"A Horsburgh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.07.016","article-title":"Pain cognition versus pain intensity in patients with endometriosis: toward personalized treatment","volume":"108","author":"MAW van Aken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-014-9619-6","article-title":"Fear-avoidance, pain acceptance and adjustment to chronic pain: a cross-sectional study on a sample of 686 patients with chronic spinal pain","volume":"48","author":"C Ram\u00edrez-Maestre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12287","article-title":"Increased pain catastrophizing associated with lower pain relief during spinal cord stimulation: results from a large post-market study","volume":"18","author":"JC Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322865.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0683-y","article-title":"The effects of anxiety sensitivity, pain hypervigilance, and pain catastrophizing on quality of life outcomes of patients with chronic pain: a preliminary, cross-sectional analysis","volume":"23","author":"WS Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0322865.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00008-6","article-title":"Dutch version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire: validity and reliability in a pain-free population","volume":"40","author":"J Roelofs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1525","key":"pone.0322865.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0008","article-title":"Emotional moments across time: a possible neural basis for time perception in the anterior insula","volume":"364","author":"ADB Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.08.002","article-title":"The role of interoceptive inference in theory of mind","volume":"112","author":"S Ondobaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108778411","volume-title":"The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System: Neurobiology of Homeostasis","author":"W J\u00e4nig","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","article-title":"Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"LQ Uddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0322865.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2087-10.2010","article-title":"Anterior insula integrates information about salience into perceptual decisions about pain","volume":"30","author":"K Wiech","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00386","article-title":"The social modulation of pain: others as predictive signals of salience - a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"C Krah\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.02.003","article-title":"Pain and analgesia: the value of salience circuits","volume":"104","author":"D Borsook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S50919","article-title":"Altered resting state EEG in chronic pancreatitis patients: toward a marker for chronic pain","author":"M De Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322865.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06801.x","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: significance of clinical and electrophysiological measures","volume":"30","author":"S Wydenkeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322865.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.04.010","article-title":"The nociceptive withdrawal reflex: normative values of thresholds and reflex receptive fields","volume":"14","author":"AY Neziri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322865.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0428","article-title":"Validity of electrical stimulus magnitude matching in chronic pain","volume":"41","author":"AL Persson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322865.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000294","article-title":"Assessment of musculoskeletal pain sensitivity and temporal summation by cuff pressure algometry: a reliability study","volume":"156","author":"T Graven-Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0322865.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00940.x","article-title":"Associations between heat pain perception and pain severity among patients with chronic pain","volume":"11","author":"WM Hooten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2001.01034.x","article-title":"Pain-determined dissociation episodes","volume":"2","author":"DA Fishbain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012958206465","article-title":"Dissociation and posttraumatic stress symptoms in patients with chronic pain","volume":"5","author":"MP Duckworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322865.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.534","article-title":"Dissociation in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"149","author":"EA Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322865.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2017.3.20160538","article-title":"Dissociative features of fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"22","author":"TD Berkol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"pone.0322865.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-020-00179-7","article-title":"Effects of interoceptive training on decision making, anxiety, and somatic symptoms","volume":"14","author":"A Sugawara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1746452062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322865"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jane Elizabeth","family":"Aspell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]}}}