{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:52Z","timestamp":1787022172088,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D2023-149516NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2023-149516NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This paper investigates the presence of long-run trends and persistence in various pollutants in the city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia using fractional integration. Using daily data from January 1\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 2022 until May 31\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 2024 we investigate the statistical properties of four pollutants, namely, NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , PM\n                    <jats:sub>10,<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The results indicate the presence of significant negative time trends in the cases of SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and evidence of long memory and mean reverting patterns in all four pollutants. Policy implications of the results obtained are reported at the end of the paper.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T13:46:29Z","timestamp":1748958389000},"page":"e0322991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Atmospheric pollution in Ulaanbaatar: Persistence and long-run trends"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ariundelger","family":"Ariunsaikhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chultem","family":"Batbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonomdagva","family":"Chonokhuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-3123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Alberiko","family":"Gil-Alana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0322991.ref001","author":"The World Bank Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref002","author":"Mongolian National Statistics Committee","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282908007561","article-title":"Epiphytic lichens indicate recent increase in air pollution in the Mongolian capital Ulan Bator","volume":"40","author":"M Hauck","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lichenologist"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0322991.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4236\/gep.2014.22017","article-title":"A study on air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia","volume":"02","author":"D Amarsaikhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"GEP"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322991.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2018.12.3.244","article-title":"Meteorological factors affecting winter particulate air pollution in Ulaanbaatar from 2008 to 2016","volume":"12","author":"M Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322991.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083185","article-title":"Driving forces of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city between 2005 and 2015: an index decomposition analysis","volume":"12","author":"E Enkhbat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520938625","volume-title":"Modern Mongolia: from khans to commissars to capitalists","author":"M Rossabi","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref008","author":"The World Bank Group","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref009","author":"Ministry of Economic Development of Mongolia","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.017","article-title":"Air particulate matter pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: determination of composition, source contributions and source locations","volume":"2","author":"PK Davy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmospheric Poll Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322991.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-013-0198-7","article-title":"Particulate pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","volume":"6","author":"SK Guttikunda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322991.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2013.776997","article-title":"Chemical characteristics of fine particulate matters measured during severe winter haze events in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","volume":"63","author":"T Batmunkh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-024-01050-4","article-title":"Assessment of air pollution in ulaanbaatar using the moss bag technique","volume":"86","author":"I Zinicovscaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref014","author":"IQAir","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref015","author":"IQAir","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref016","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0817-5","article-title":"Coal burning-derived SO2 and traffic-derived NO2 are associated with persistent cough and current wheezing symptoms among schoolchildren in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","volume":"24","author":"D Enkh-Undraa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.05.052","article-title":"The impacts of China\u2019s provincial energy policies on major air pollutants: A spatial econometric analysis","volume":"132","author":"J Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010130","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamic correlation characteristics and driving factors of major air pollutant emissions in China","volume":"14","author":"Y Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/i-PACT44901.2019.8960010","article-title":"Statistical analysis of air pollutants in ambient air, reality of sensors and corrective measures in India.","volume-title":"2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)","author":"S. Priya","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474534","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1474534","article-title":"Major air pollution and climate policies in NYC and trends in NYC air quality 1998\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"K. Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref022","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spatial variation of air pollutants by using GIS modelling","volume":"27","author":"K. Sidharthan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.54302\/mausam.v74i1.1013","article-title":"Comparative study of gaseous pollutants for major cities in foothills of Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand","volume":"74","author":"A Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"MAUSAM"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Xu XL, Dai DW, Huang ZY, Ma Z, Guan YJ. Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020;97:278\u2013282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.076"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulgeta D, Gotu B, Temesgen S, Belina M, Likassa HT, Tsegaye D. Statistical analysis of spatial distribution of ambient air pollution in Addis Ababa. 2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-024-02748-6"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li F, Liu Y, Lu J, Liang L, Harmer P. Ambient air pollution in China poses a multifaceted health threat to outdoor physical activity. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2015;69(3):201\u2013204","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-203892"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322991.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00749-x","article-title":"Inferring air pollution from air quality index by different geographical areas: case study in India","volume":"12","author":"R Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13020241","article-title":"Marine air pollution in Israel: extent, proposed mitigation targets, benefits and feasibility","volume":"13","author":"E Razy-Yanuv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.07.044","article-title":"The influence of emission sources and meteorological conditions on SO2 pollution in Mongolia","volume":"61","author":"M-E Luvsan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322991.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13060990","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in air pollution characteristics and influencing factors in Ulaanbaatar from 2016 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Suriya, Natsagdorj N, Aorigele, Zhou H, & Sachurila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322991.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030442","article-title":"Sources and characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient total suspended particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia","volume":"16","author":"B Byambaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0322991.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210163","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210163","article-title":"Urban air quality studies in mongolia: pollution characteristics and future research needs","volume":"21","author":"T-O Soyol-Erdene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322991.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-20-0040.1","article-title":"Long memory and time trends in particulate matter pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) in the 50 U.S. States","volume":"59","author":"LA Gil-Alana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03305-1","article-title":"Air quality in London: evidence of persistence, seasonality and trends","volume":"142","author":"LA Gil-Alana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.05.004","article-title":"The persistence of air pollution in four mega-cities of China","volume":"56","author":"Z Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0322991.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-021-01002-0","article-title":"Particulate matter 10 (PM10): persistence and trends in eight European capitals","volume":"14","author":"GM Caporale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0322991.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.9790\/9622-0706036684","article-title":"Time series analysis to forecast air quality indices in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India","volume":"07","author":"V Naveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJERA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322991.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-018-0493-2","article-title":"Autoregressive integrated moving average time series model for forecasting air pollution in Nanded city, Maharashtra, India","volume":"4","author":"GE Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6912-2_5","article-title":"Time Series Analysis Using ARIMA Model for Air Pollution Prediction in Hyderabad City of India.","volume-title":"Soft Computing and Signal Processing. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing","author":"P Gopu","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119304","article-title":"Spatial-temporal characterization of air pollutants using a hybrid deep learning\/Kriging model incorporated with a weather normalization technique","volume":"289","author":"G-Y Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environ"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119395","article-title":"Analysis of pollutants transport in heavy air pollution processes using a new complex-network-based model","volume":"292","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322991.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.18494\/SAM4393","article-title":"Evaluations of low-cost air quality sensors for particulate matter (PM2.5) under indoor and outdoor conditions","volume":"35","author":"Mohd Nadzir UR Mohd Shahrul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors and Materials"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0322991.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14625","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3342872","article-title":"AiCareBreath: IoT-enabled location-invariant novel unified model for predicting air pollutants to avoid related respiratory disease","volume":"11","author":"J Borah","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0322991.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21558","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3397735","article-title":"AiCareAir: hybrid-ensemble internet-of-things sensing unit model for air pollutant control","volume":"24","author":"J Borah","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0322991.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-015-0369-9","article-title":"Prediction of particulate matter concentration profile in an opencast copper mine in India using an artificial neural network model","volume":"9","author":"AK Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"428","key":"pone.0322991.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476881","article-title":"Efficient tests of nonstationary hypotheses","volume":"89","author":"PM Robinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(97)00038-9","article-title":"Testing of unit root and other nonstationary hypotheses in macroeconomic time series","volume":"80","author":"LA Gil-Ala\u00f1a","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2017.06.008","article-title":"Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration","volume":"9","author":"LA Gil-Alana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmospheric Poll Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0322991.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22512-z","article-title":"Time trends and persistence in PM2.5 in 20 megacities: evidence for the time period 2018-2020","volume":"30","author":"L Bermejo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0322991.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/60.2.217","article-title":"An exponential model for the spectrum of a scalar time series","volume":"60","author":"P Bloomfield","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(04)90515-8","article-title":"The use of the bloomfield model as an approximation to ARMA processes in the context of fractional integration","volume":"39","author":"LA Gil-Alana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math Comp Model"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref052","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2018). The World\u2019s Cities in 2018\u2014Data Booklet (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/417)."},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5564\/pmas.v63i03.3403","article-title":"Issues of determining the effects of migration on population growth in Ulaanbaatar","author":"T-I Otgonkhuu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Mong Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-025-03398-7","article-title":"Early inspiris resilia valve failure in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary valve regurgitation","volume":"20","author":"BD Seadler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref055","first-page":"2521","article-title":"Enabling sustainable urban transportation in Mongolia for 2030: Policy and institutional perspective.","volume":"13","author":"E. Eldev-Ochir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref056","unstructured":"Baatarzorig, M. Toi, S. Kajita, Y. A Study on alternative urban transportation mode choices in Ulaanbaatar City of Mongolia. 2018 ."},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref057","author":"Mongolian National Statistics Committee","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123870","article-title":"Improvement of the anthropogenic emission rate estimate in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, for 2020-21 winter","volume":"349","author":"H-M Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref059","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"JH Seinfeld","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref060","author":"B Baysgalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estimation of the effects of future projections and countermeasures for automobile emissions in Ulaanbaatar City"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106732","article-title":"The state of science on severe air pollution episodes: Quantitative and qualitative analysis","volume":"156","author":"L Morawska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0322991.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183742","article-title":"Identification of NO2 and SO2 pollution hotspots and sources in Jiangsu Province of China","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09646-8","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations and trends of major air pollutants in China during 2015\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"KJ Maji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Poll Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0322991.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2020.1813837","article-title":"Trends and health impacts of major urban air pollutants in Kazakhstan","volume":"70","author":"A Kerimray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manage Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(92)90084-5","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of stationary univariate fractionally integrated time series models","volume":"53","author":"F Sowell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322991.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9892.1983.tb00371.x","article-title":"The estimation and applicatons of long memory time series models","volume":"4","author":"J Geweke","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Time Series Analysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322991.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176324317","article-title":"Gaussian semiparametric estimation of long range dependence","volume":"23","author":"PM Robinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Statist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0322991.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9892.00575","article-title":"Pooled log periodogram regression","volume":"23","author":"K Shimotsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Time Series Analysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0322991.ref069","first-page":"445","article-title":"A nonlinear approach with long range dependence based on Chebyshev polynomials","volume":"16","author":"FJ. Cuestas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics"},{"key":"pone.0322991.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2020.1757047","article-title":"Testing fractional unit roots with non-linear smooth break approximations using Fourier functions","volume":"48","author":"LA Gil-Alana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Stat"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0322991.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12422","article-title":"A new unit root test for unemployment hysteresis based on the autoregressive neural network*","volume":"83","author":"OS Yaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxf Bull Econ Stat"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1748958420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322991"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Naranjargal","family":"Dashdorj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0322991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}