{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:51:47Z","timestamp":1789437107981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00343078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00343078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined perinatal and long-term outcomes where maternal vitamin D deficiency was present in early pregnancy but normalized in mid-pregnancy and deficiency during both early and mid-pregnancy. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the clinical records of 5,169 singleton pregnant women who received a test of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] two times in the first and second trimester in our hospital from 2016 to 2022. The level of 25(OH)D was categorized into deficiency (&lt;10ng\/mL), insufficiency (10\u201320ng\/mL), and sufficiency (\u226520ng\/mL). Women were grouped based on 25(OH)D status across both trimesters: consistently deficient (DD), initially deficient then sufficient in the second trimester (DS), and consistently sufficient (SS). We evaluated obstetric and neonatal outcomes, including long-term neurodevelopmental assessments. Measurements in the first trimester indicated that 21.7% (n\u2009=\u20091,120) of women were vitamin D deficient, 41.1% (n\u2009=\u20092,127) insufficient, and 37.2% (n\u2009=\u20091,922) sufficient. There were no significant differences in the incidence of gestational hypertension and diabetes among the DD, DS, and SS groups. The rates of preterm birth before 34 weeks (aOR\u2009=\u20092.42, 95%CI[1.24\u20134.71], p\u2009=\u20090.010), necrotizing enterocolitis (aOR\u2009=\u200922.26, 95%CI[4.16\u2013119.34], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and developmental delay (aOR\u2009=\u20094.46, 95%CI[2.41\u20138.27], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were elevated in the DD group compared to the SS group. These risks didn\u2019t diminish even when vitamin D deficiency in the second trimester was corrected (DS). In conclusion, associations between low first-trimester 25(OH)D levels and heightened risks of preterm birth and long-term developmental outcomes are observed. As subsequent normalization of 25(OH)D levels may not fully mitigate these risks, incorporating vitamin D screening and intervention before pregnancy as part of routine preconception care could be beneficial in optimizing maternal and offspring outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T17:36:24Z","timestamp":1748626584000},"page":"e0323146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the influence of maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy and subsequent improvement on perinatal outcomes and long-term child development: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-0245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji 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