{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:14:20Z","timestamp":1769724860803,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018563","name":"Social Science Planning Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23CSZJ49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CSZJ49"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018563","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Smartphone addiction among college students is a common problem of concern, especially in China, and is associated with numerous psychological challenges. Nevertheless, a valid instrument to measure smartphone addiction in Chinese college students remains underdeveloped.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To provide a valid research instrument for assessing smartphone addiction among Chinese college students, this study conducted a cross-cultural investigation by evaluating the psychometric properties of the Chinese Version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) and its measurement invariance across gender among Chinese college students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The SABAS was translated into Chinese using the forward-backward method and the Chinese version of the SABAS (SABAS-CV) was completed by 644 Chinese college students. A random selection of 80 college students was made from the total sample, and they were assessed twice with a one-month interval. The reliability of the SABAS-CV was analyzed through internal consistency and test-retest reliability, while the validity was assessed via content validity, structural validity, and convergent validity. Additionally, this study tested the measurement invariance of the SABAS-CV across gender.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The SABAS-CV demonstrated strong content validity, high internal consistency (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.828 for sample 1, \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.856 for sample 2), and good test-retest reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.968, 95% CI: 0.952\u20130.977). Exploratory factor analysis revealed one component with eigenvalue (3.440) greater than 1, explaining 57.336% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/df\u2009=\u20092.462, RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.054, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.029, CFI\u2009=\u20090.968, TLI\u2009=\u20090.956). The factor loadings of the 6 items ranged from 0.549 to 0.853, all exceeding 0.50, with the lower bounds of their confidence intervals also above 0.50. The SABAS-CV had a strong correlation with the Chinese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (r\u2009=\u20090.715) and the SAS-CSV (r\u2009=\u20090.826). Measurement invariance test across gender demonstrated that the SABAS-CV was measurement invariant for male and female college students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The SABAS-CV serves as a valid instrument for assessing smartphone addiction in Chinese college students, indicating that the SABAS has high applicability in the Chinese cultural context.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T20:28:23Z","timestamp":1747859303000},"page":"e0323215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender of the Chinese version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) among Chinese college 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