{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:24:31Z","timestamp":1789590271430,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant global health challenge; however, its burden on pediatric populations remains underexplored. This study assesses the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of pediatric CKD attributable to type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. CKD burden was stratified by etiology, age, sex, sociodemographic index (SDI), and geography. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Globally, CKD-related mortality and DALYs decreased for type 1 diabetes mellitus (-2.176% AAPC), type 2 diabetes mellitus (-1.556%), glomerulonephritis (-0.854%), hypertension (-0.800%), and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (-2.143%). The incidence of hypertension incidence increased (+1.299%). Boys experienced higher incidence and prevalence rates for all etiologies, while girls had more significant reductions in mortality and DALYs. High-SDI regions showed the steepest declines in CKD burden, while low-SDI regions experienced limited reductions and increasing hypertension prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pediatric CKD burden reflects disparities by etiology, geography, and SDI. Interventions to improve early diagnosis, healthcare access, and targeted management strategies, particularly in low-SDI regions, are essential. Addressing obesity and improving treatment for glomerulonephritis are priorities. Standardized diagnostic criteria and broader global efforts are needed to mitigate the burden of pediatric CKD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T17:28:26Z","timestamp":1748366906000},"page":"e0323257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The global health burden of pediatric chronic kidney disease: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease database from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Manan","family":"Raina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghav","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3982-7118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jieji","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Pember","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Bunchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-382X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui Kim","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mignon","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323257.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022","volume":"12","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"pone.0323257.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.07.012","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication\u2014worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"96","author":"KJ Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0323257.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31694-5","article-title":"Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories","volume":"392","author":"KJ Foreman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0323257.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. 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