{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:32:34Z","timestamp":1791595954860,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COMSTECH_NAPRECCA","award":["3(250)\/23-COMSTECH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3(250)\/23-COMSTECH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine fibroids affect a substantial proportion of women in their reproductive age. Despite their effectiveness, surgical options such as hysterectomy are invasive, costly, and associated with recurrences. Pharmacological treatments are non-curative, only alleviate symptoms, and associated with adverse effects. <jats:italic>Polyscias fulva (Araliaceae)<\/jats:italic> is traditionally used to manage uterine fibroids in East Africa. In this study we synthesized <jats:italic>Polyscias fulva<\/jats:italic> silver nanoparticles (PFAgNPs), evaluated their toxicity and activity against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine fibroids in Wistar albino rats. The UV-visible spectroscopy showed maximal absorbance at 425\u2009nm with adequate stability at varying temperatures, pH and storage conditions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed an average hydrodynamic size of 107.4 d.nm, polydispersity index of 0.264, and zeta potential of -18.3 mV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of PFAgNPs with an average size of 25\u2009nm while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a spherical shape with an average size of 35\u2009nm. The PFAgNPs caused lethargy, hyperventilation, and hyperactivity at a dose of 300\u2009mg\/kg BW, whereas 2000\u2009mg\/kg caused severe toxicity, resulting in death in acute toxicity testing. The no observed adverse effect level was 50\u2009mg\/kgBW, the lowest observed adverse effect level was 100\u2009mg\/kgBW, and median lethal dose (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) was 1000\u2009mg\/kg. The PFAgNPs significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) serum proteins, cholesterol, estrogen and progesterone alongside preservation of the histoarchitecture of the uterus. Further research is needed to investigate the clinical safety of PFAgNPs in managing uterine fibroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T17:46:30Z","timestamp":1746812790000},"page":"e0323260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Green synthesized Polyscias fulva silver nanoparticles ameliorate uterine fibroids in female Wistar Albino rats"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-9051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenedy","family":"Kiyimba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8792-7850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Iqbal","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mehmood","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Baker","family":"Obakiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Raza","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Were Lincoln","family":"Munyendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Guantai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-1642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yahaya","family":"Gavamukulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323260.ref001","first-page":"591","article-title":"A US population-based study of uterine fibroid diagnosis incidence, trends, and prevalence: 2005 through 2014","volume":"219","author":"O Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstert Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options for uterine fibroids","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323260.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab039","article-title":"Comprehensive review of uterine fibroids: developmental origin, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"43","author":"Q Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323260.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2021.100501","article-title":"Therapeutic modality of induced uterine leiomyoma with shock waves in rats: The uterine blood flow, circulating ovarian hormones and histopathological findings","volume":"21","author":"RS Mamoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13102","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of uterine fibroids","volume":"149","author":"E Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0323260.ref006","article-title":"GnRH agonists for uterine fibroids","author":"R Hodgson","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.141955","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of uterine fibroids","volume":"4","author":"R Moroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.02.025","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and modes of action of five Cameroonian medicinal plants against multi-factorial drug resistance of tumor cells","volume":"153","author":"V Kuete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100377","article-title":"The genus Polyscias (Araliaceae): A phytochemical and biological review","volume":"23","author":"NS Ashmawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Herbal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0541-7","article-title":"Antifungal properties of a new terpernoid saponin and other compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)","volume":"15","author":"GSS Njateng","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1572-z","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)","volume":"17","author":"GSS Njateng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323260.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2003.10.008","article-title":"Constituents isolated from Polyscias fulva","volume":"32","author":"A-C Mitaine-Offer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323260.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-016-0246-2","article-title":"Biomedical applications of nanotechnology","volume":"9","author":"AP Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-020-00504-w","article-title":"Physical properties of nanoparticles do matter","volume":"51","author":"TM Kiio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Investig"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0323260.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac1de3","article-title":"Application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles in cancer treatment\u2014a critical review","volume":"8","author":"S Jabeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Res Express"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.112254","article-title":"Exploring silver nanoparticles for cancer therapy and diagnosis","volume":"210","author":"RR Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323260.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520619666190710121727","article-title":"Recent advances of silver nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment","volume":"20","author":"TQ Huy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100205","article-title":"Conventional and green methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties","volume":"4","author":"R Vishwanath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323260.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-020-01318-w","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: various methods of synthesis, size affecting factors and their potential applications\u2013a review","volume":"10","author":"AA Yaqoob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323260.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA09941D","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature","volume":"11","author":"C Vanlalveni","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.01.035","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract","volume":"49","author":"B Ajitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.08.045","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Artemisia absinthium aqueous extract--A comprehensive study","volume":"58","author":"M Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111836","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera flower and assessment of antimicrobial and sensing properties","volume":"205","author":"MR Bindhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref024","first-page":"109","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Neem leaves and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"9","author":"A Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Radiation Res Appl SciJ Radiation Res Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323260.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-019-01262-5","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of highly stable silver nanoparticles from ethanolic extracts of fruits of annona muricata","author":"Y Gavamukulya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Inorg Organomet Polym"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1107\/S205327331600365X","article-title":"The Scherrer equation and the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction","volume":"72","author":"FTL Muniz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref027","volume-title":"OECD guideline for testing of chemicals","author":"Toxicity\u2013Up AO","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1050-2_3","article-title":"Tissue processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining","author":"AT Feldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histopathology: methods and protocols"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0323260.ref029","article-title":"Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0","volume":"18","author":"N Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref030","first-page":"223","article-title":"Chapter Six - Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and cytotoxic potential of Polyscias fulva.","volume-title":"Advances in Botanical Research [Internet]","author":"SB Tankeo","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230170","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2023-0170","article-title":"Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization","volume":"12","author":"D Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnology Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0323260.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1241792","article-title":"A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications","volume":"45","author":"M Rafique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2020-0094","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications","volume":"15","author":"A Almatroudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.122","article-title":"Impact of pH on the stability, dissolution and aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles","volume":"216","author":"I Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S304138","article-title":"Are smaller nanoparticles always better? understanding the biological effect of size-dependent silver nanoparticle aggregation under biorelevant conditions","volume":"16","author":"P B\u00e9lteky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323260.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795164194","article-title":"ADME properties of herbal medicines in humans: evidence, challenges and strategies","volume":"17","author":"S-M He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323260.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0621-8","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and its antimicrobial study","author":"P Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133824","article-title":"Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Melia azedarach flowers extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities","author":"W Muzafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Structure"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref039","unstructured":"Akbari B, Tavandashti MP, Zandrahimi M. Particle size characterization of nanoparticles \u2013 a practical approach. 2011; 8(2)."},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0323260.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12871","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02278J","article-title":"Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties","volume":"10","author":"S Mourdikoudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref041","first-page":"942916","article-title":"Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity","author":"A Manke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323260.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0632-5","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of monodispersed silver nanoparticles using root bark aqueous extract of Annona muricata Linn and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"7","author":"KM Ezealisiji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323260.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/aiht-2015-66-2582","article-title":"Nanoparticle interaction with the immune system","volume":"66","author":"V Kononenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4317","article-title":"Toxic implications of silver nanoparticles on the central nervous system: A systematic literature review","volume":"43","author":"JK Suthar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323260.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacme.2015.09.005","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological alterations caused by silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats","volume":"5","author":"FA Sulaiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acute Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323260.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17795\/ajmb-35557","article-title":"The effect of silver nanoparticles on the biochemical parameters of liver function in serum, and the expression of caspase-3 in the liver tissues of male rats","volume":"4","author":"M Pourhamzeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02340","article-title":"Computational analysis of the silver nanoparticle\u2013human serum albumin complex","volume":"5","author":"Z Hazarika","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89859-0","article-title":"Alterations in lipid profile upon uterine fibroids and its recurrence","volume":"11","author":"NM Tonoyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323260.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119843586","article-title":"Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid-loaded silver nanoparticles for improving endothelial dysfunctions in experimental diabetes","volume":"38","author":"JS Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323260.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1755470","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles compromise the development of mouse pubertal mammary glands through disrupting internal estrogen signaling","volume":"14","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323260.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/2314808X.2022.2092821","article-title":"Estimation of silver nanoparticles effect on the reproductive health of female Wistar rats","volume":"9","author":"Y Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egyptian J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref052","article-title":"College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Alsudairi HN, Alrasheed AT, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Dvornyk V, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University. Estrogens and uterine fibroids: an integrated view","volume-title":"RR in B [Internet]","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155772","article-title":"Lipid-laden uterus: Investigating uterine fibroids and lipid association","volume":"266","author":"S Kn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015","article-title":"Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids","volume":"34","author":"FM Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"121","key":"pone.0323260.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.30699\/jambs.27.121.48","article-title":"Effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on ovary function in female rats","volume":"27","author":"F Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Med Biomed Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0323260.ref056","article-title":"Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity","volume":"8","author":"MAM Abdulghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.02.001","article-title":"Aromatase, aromatase inhibitors, and breast cancer","volume":"125","author":"S Chumsri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"65","key":"pone.0323260.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109799","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19087","article-title":"Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development","volume":"8","author":"CC Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323260.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9200-0","article-title":"Effects of subchronic aluminum exposure on the reproductive function in female rats","volume":"145","author":"N Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439597","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain","volume":"16","author":"G Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.10.014","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on proliferation of estrogen-dependent MCF-7\/BUS human breast cancer cells induced by butyl paraben or di-n-butyl phthalate","volume":"337","author":"J Roszak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0323260.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22533","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3305464","article-title":"WaveFlex biosensor: a flexible-shaped plasmonic optical fiber sensor for histamine detection","volume":"23","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"key":"pone.0323260.ref063","article-title":"ZnO-NWs and WS 2-QDs-functionalized multicore fiber-based w-shaped waveflex biosensor for rapid detection of hemoglobin A1c in serum samples","author":"G Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323260.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202400243","article-title":"Optical biosensors for detection of cancer biomarkers: current and future perspectives","volume":"17","author":"DN Moorthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323260","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T17:46:44Z","timestamp":1746812804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323260"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]}}}