{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:13:17Z","timestamp":1749701597694,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40011323001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40011323001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between carbohydrate quantity and quality and the size, depth, and Wagner grade of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was conducted on 300 participants with DFUs at the Diabetes Clinic of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls. Anthropometric measurements, physical activity levels, and socioeconomic factors were evaluated. The location, Wagner grade, length, width, and depth of the diabetic foot ulcer, were assessed by reviewing the patient\u2019s medical records and utilizing the information recorded therein.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings indicated that out of all the carbohydrate indices examined, only the ratio of whole grain to total grain intake had a significant association with the length of the diabetic foot ulcer. Specifically, participants who consumed lower amounts of whole grain had larger diabetic foot ulcers compared to those with higher whole grain intake (0.85 Vs 0.54, P<jats:sub>value\u2009<\/jats:sub>=\u20090.04). This relationship remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, gender, total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, good shoe condition, and BMI (0.71 Vs 0.52, P<jats:sub>value<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.03).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings emphasize the significant role of whole grain intake in the healing process of DFUs. However, further research with larger sample sizes is needed to investigate the impact of other carbohydrate indices.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T17:29:17Z","timestamp":1749662957000},"page":"e0323537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between the quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake and the size, depth, and Wagner grade of diabetic foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Geravand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ensieh","family":"Nasli-Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Montazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moharam","family":"Jalalzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-6818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leila","family":"Azadbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323537.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-11-24","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 role in diabetic foot prevention and care; a review","volume":"11","author":"M Aalaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323537.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01479.x","article-title":"Association of verrucous skin lesions and skin ulcers on the feet in patients with diabetic neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"H Sueki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0323537.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108877","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour is an independent predictor of diabetic foot ulcer development: An 8-year prospective study","volume":"177","author":"G Orlando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0323537.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence","volume":"376","author":"DG Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323537.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13054","article-title":"Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom","volume":"33","author":"JW Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323537.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0491-1","article-title":"High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. 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