{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T17:40:04Z","timestamp":1752082804791,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study tests the role of violence and policing in predicting student absences at the school level in New York City. It uses a large dataset on daily attendance over six school years (2013\u20132014\u20132018\u20132019) across all New York City public schools, and operationalizes policing by arrests, and violence by reported violent crime. While much literature focuses on the impact of violence on student outcomes, this study finds that arrests are, in fact, a relatively strong predictor of school absences. Perhaps more importantly, nearby arrests have a uniquely strong association in schools with greater numbers of Black students. In high schools, nearby arrests negatively affect school absences, but only in schools with a high proportion of Black or low-income students. Nearby violence has a small association with absences in K-8 schools, but no significant association with absences in high schools. These findings underscore the need to understand policing\u2019s disparate impact on educational outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T17:24:01Z","timestamp":1752081841000},"page":"e0323565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nearby arrests and violent crime as predictors of student absenteeism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1686-0112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl","family":"Vachuska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0323565.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306259","article-title":"Youth\u2012police contact: burdens and inequities in an adverse childhood experience, 2014\u20122017","volume":"111","author":"A Geller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0323565.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821204116","article-title":"Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex","volume":"116","author":"F Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref003","volume-title":"Young People of Color Mistrust Police and Legal System, Report Finds","author":"J Ingmire","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6186","key":"pone.0323565.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251868","article-title":"Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the \u201cother 99 percent\u201d","volume":"344","author":"DH Autor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.350","article-title":"The gap gets bigger: changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981\u20132000","volume":"27","author":"ER Meara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref006","volume-title":"The on-track indicator as a predictor of high school graduation","author":"E Allensworth","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520701621079","article-title":"Preventing student disengagement and keeping students on the graduation path in urban middle-grades schools: Early identification and effective interventions","volume":"42","author":"R Balfanz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323565.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10824669.2014.962696","article-title":"Chronic Absenteeism and Its Effects on Students\u2019 Academic and Socioemotional Outcomes","volume":"19","author":"MA Gottfried","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR)"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040718779063","article-title":"Neighborhood violence, peer effects, and academic achievement in Chicago","volume":"91","author":"J Burdick-Will","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociol Educ"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref010","volume-title":"The importance of being in school: A report on absenteeism in the nation\u2019s public schools","author":"R Balfanz","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040713494225","article-title":"School violent crime and academic achievement in Chicago","volume":"86","author":"J Burdick-Will","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323565.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sow041","article-title":"Neighborhood Violent Crime and Academic Growth in Chicago: Lasting Effects of Early Exposure","volume":"95","author":"J Burdick-Will","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15195\/v6.a5","article-title":"Danger on the way to school: Exposure to violent crime, public transportation, and absenteeism","volume":"6","author":"J Burdick-Will","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref014","volume-title":"Why Students Drop Out of School: A Review of 25 Years of Research","author":"RW Rumberger","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref015","volume-title":"Perspective: Schools as Safe Havens","author":"M Scherer","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1086\/693958","article-title":"Neighbors but not classmates: Neighborhood disadvantage, local violent crime, and the heterogeneity of educational experiences in Chicago","volume":"124","author":"J Burdick-Will","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Educ"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref017","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and school absenteeism: A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"9","author":"EM Sosu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Educ"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref018","volume-title":"Digest of Education Statistics, 2019","author":"NCES","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref019","unstructured":"Stiefel L, Rubenstein R, Schwartz AE. From districts to schools: The distribution of resources across schools in big city school districts. In: Proceedings from the Symposium on Education Finance and Organizational Structure in NYS Schools. 2004. 61\u201388."},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref020","author":"Office of Justice Programs","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0323565.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001361","article-title":"The policing paradox: Police stops predict youth\u2019s school disengagement via elevated psychological distress","volume":"58","author":"J Del Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419826020","article-title":"Aggressive policing and the educational performance of minority youth","volume":"84","author":"J Legewie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323565.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-10188919","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Neighborhood Policing and the Racial\/Ethnic Gap in High School Graduation","volume":"59","author":"J Legewie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323565.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12600","article-title":"Student absenteeism and the role of police encounters","volume":"21","author":"A Geller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/00380407221099649","article-title":"Adding insult to injury: Arrests reduce attendance through institutional mechanisms","volume":"95","author":"ND Mark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sociol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323565.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12685","article-title":"An Intersectional Approach to Understanding the Academic and Health Effects of Policing Among Urban Adolescents","volume":"32","author":"J Del Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323565.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001148","article-title":"The spillover effects of classmates\u2019 police intrusion on adolescents\u2019 school-based defiant behaviors: The mediating role of institutional trust","volume":"78","author":"J Del Toro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312221132533","article-title":"Police stops and school engagement: Examining cultural socialization from parents and schools as protective factors among African American adolescents","volume":"60","author":"J Del Toro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Educ Res J"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414530398","article-title":"Surveillance and system avoidance: Criminal justice contact and institutional attachment","volume":"79","author":"S Brayne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref030","article-title":"Parental Arrest, Incarceration and the Outcomes of Their Children","author":"SB Billings","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323565.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2017.1328977","article-title":"Black Lives and Policing: The Larger Context of Ghettoization","volume":"39","author":"JR Logan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Urban Aff"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref032","first-page":"29","article-title":"The wounds that do not heal: Black expendability and the traumatizing aftereffects of anti-Black police violence","volume":"40","author":"IR Waldron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equit Divers Incl"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479814046.001.0001","volume-title":"Policing the racial divide: urban growth politics and the remaking of segregation","author":"D Gordon","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref034","volume-title":"Policing the Black man: Arrest, prosecution, and imprisonment","author":"AJ Davis","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323565.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/588492","article-title":"The Malign Effects of Drug and Crime Control Policies on Black Americans","volume":"37","author":"M Tonry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crime and Justice"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref036","volume-title":"Criminal victimization, 2021","author":"A Thompson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323565.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559501006003003","article-title":"Factors in the underreporting of crimes against juveniles","volume":"6","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref038","volume-title":"Measuring the prevalence of crime with the national crime victimization survey","author":"JL Lauritsen","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/00224278221098053","article-title":"Crime reporting in Chicago: A comparison of police and victim survey data, 1999\u20132018","volume":"60","author":"ML Rezey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0323565.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287701","article-title":"School closures significantly reduced arrests of black and latinx urban youth","volume":"18","author":"JT Simes","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323565.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128712470991","article-title":"Schools, Neighborhood Risk Factors, and Crime","volume":"59","author":"D Willits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref042","article-title":"Spatial analysis of the association between school proximity and crime in Philadelphia","author":"LD Harth","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02623","article-title":"Measuring School Absenteeism: Administrative Attendance Data Collected by Schools Differ From Self-Reports in Systematic Ways","volume":"10","author":"G Keppens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2020.33","article-title":"On the use of two-way fixed effects regression models for causal inference with panel data","volume":"29","author":"K Imai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref045","article-title":"Policy Determinants of Inequitable Exposure to the Criminal Legal System and Their Health Consequences Among Young People","volume":"110","author":"CDP Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323565.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.t01-1-00009","article-title":"\u201cAnything Can Happen With Police Around\u201d: Urban Youth Evaluate Strategies of Surveillance in Public Places","volume":"59","author":"M Fine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref047","unstructured":"Geller A. Policing America\u2019s children: Police contact and consequences among teens in fragile families. IDEAS Work Pap Ser from RePEc. 2017 [Cited 2025 April 17]. https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/pri\/crcwel\/wp18-02-ff.html"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.018","article-title":"Transmitting Trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health","volume":"199","author":"NJ Heard-Garris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323565.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2929","article-title":"Police Exposures and the Health and Well-being of Black Youth in the US: A Systematic Review","volume":"176","author":"M Jindal","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref050","author":"D Murphey","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323565.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2009.00159.x","article-title":"Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police\u2010based racial discrimination among black youth*","volume":"47","author":"EA Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1068\/a231025","article-title":"The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"23","author":"AS Fotheringham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Plann A"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370820952681","article-title":"Does truancy make the delinquent? A situational and longitudinal analysis of the truancy\u2013delinquency relationship","volume":"19","author":"M Gerth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Criminol"},{"key":"pone.0323565.ref054","first-page":"161","volume-title":"A change in the frame: From absenteeism to attendance","author":"C Gentle-Genitty","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T17:24:08Z","timestamp":1752081848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323565"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Pak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}