{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1791607431881,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by multiple intricate pathogenic factors. Previous studies have substantiated the anti-inflammatory properties of minocycline and its potential therapeutic efficacy in treating rosacea. However, further elucidation of the underlying mechanism is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HaCaT cells and BALB\/c mice were treated with LL37. Moreover, the effect of minocycline on rosacea was explored through the addition of an NF-\u03baB inhibitor (PDTC) or overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The expression of related markers was detected by western blotting, immunofluorescence, ELISA, flow cytometry, etc.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Minocycline suppressed dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in rosacea-like mice and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rosacea-like mice and cells. Moreover, minocycline downregulated the expression of TLR4 and p-NF-\u03baB thereby inhibiting ROS production. However, overexpression of TLR4 or the addition of PDTC counteracted the effects of minocycline by promoting cellular inflammation and ROS production. Mechanistically, minocycline hinders TLR4\/TNF-\u03b1 activation induced by LL37 in skin and cells to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Minocycline alleviates inflammation progression in rosacea by downregulating TLR4 and inhibiting the activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway, providing a scientific basis for subsequent clinical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T17:24:49Z","timestamp":1747416289000},"page":"e0323598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Minocycline inhibits rosacea-like inflammation through the TLR4-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in vivo and in 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