{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:35:39Z","timestamp":1757705739240,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regeneration of maxillofacial bone structures is challenging. One strategy for bone damage repair involves using bone filler particles. This study analyzed the regenerative potential of deproteinized bone particles (DP) and collagen-based bone particles (CP) to determine the effectiveness of each biomaterial in bone repair. Structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy and 3D scanning showed that DP and CP were structurally similar, comprising a heterogeneous mixture of bone particles of varying sizes and shapes. Ex vivo analyses, including morphological evaluation, LIVE &amp; DEAD assays, and DNA quantification, demonstrated high biocompatibility of CP and DP with human cells in both direct and indirect contact at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Both particles were grafted onto Wistar rats with a critical mandibular defect for two months. Computed tomography revealed significant defect reduction in the CP group, but not in the DP group, compared to negative controls without any bone particles. Histological analysis showed biocompatibility of both particles in vivo and identified regenerative tissue with collagen fibers and mineralized spots in CP and DP, with more mineralized spots in DP. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry confirmed collagen, proteoglycans, and osteocalcin presence in the regeneration area of CP and DP. These results confirm the biocompatibility and potential of both particle types for maxillofacial bone regeneration, particularly CP. Future studies should assess their clinical usefulness for patients with cleft palate, mandibular damage, and other maxillofacial applications involving tissue engineering techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T17:49:43Z","timestamp":1747676983000},"page":"e0323754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comprehensive analysis of two types of xenogeneic bone particles for use in maxillofacial bone regeneration therapies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Ortiz-Arrabal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario Anibal","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Chato-Astrain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mart\u00edn-Piedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Carriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Valad\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Espa\u00f1a-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4876-2672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"Alaminos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4318-7146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ismael Angel","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53686-w","article-title":"Customized three-dimensional printed ceramic bone grafts for osseous defects: a prospective randomized study","volume":"14","author":"N-H Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26042","article-title":"The roles of signaling pathways in bone repair and regeneration","volume":"233","author":"M Majidinia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323754.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2088","article-title":"Generation of a bioengineered autologous bone substitute for palate repair: an in vivo study in laboratory animals","volume":"11","author":"E Liceras-Liceras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-016-1489-5","article-title":"Development of a multilayered palate substitute in rabbits: a histochemical ex vivo and in vivo analysis","volume":"147","author":"MA Mart\u00edn-Piedra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11030175","article-title":"Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds: Advancing Bone Regeneration Through Tissue Engineering","volume":"11","author":"JL Cota Quintero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323754.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.3307","article-title":"Engineering complex tissues","volume":"12","author":"AG Mikos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3262-7_6","article-title":"Enhancing Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration of Gellan Gum by Incorporating Gallus gallus var Domesticus-Derived Demineralized Bone Particle","volume":"1250","author":"M Thangavelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0323754.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147746","article-title":"Developments in Alloplastic Bone Grafts and Barrier Membrane Biomaterials for Periodontal Guided Tissue and Bone Regeneration Therapy","volume":"25","author":"R Ashfaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.54589\/aol.33\/3\/165","article-title":"Brazilian dentists\u2019 perceptions of using bone grafts: an inland survey","volume":"33","author":"LK Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105612","article-title":"Regenerative approaches in alveolar bone augmentation for dental implant placement: Techniques, biomaterials, and clinical decision-making: A comprehensive review","volume":"154","author":"MO Elboraey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.54589\/aol.34\/3\/271","article-title":"Histomorphometric evaluation of human extraction sockets treated with autologous fibrin, sticky bone or biphasic calcium phosphate","volume":"34","author":"JS Ponte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323754.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051339","article-title":"Collagenated Porcine Heterologous Bone Grafts: Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone Formation Using Different Physical Forms in a Rabbit Cancellous Bone Model","volume":"26","author":"RI Falacho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323754.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.04.047","article-title":"Comparison of a xenogeneic and an alloplastic material used in dental implants in terms of physico-chemical characteristics and in vivo inflammatory response","volume":"33","author":"A Figueiredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.36740\/Merkur202402105","article-title":"Expression features of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and macrophages in the post-traumatic regenerate of the mandible rats under conditions of filling a bone defect with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material and thymalin injecting the surrounding soft tissues","volume":"52","author":"AA Boiko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref015","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Combined With Bone Grafts Ameliorate Bone Regeneration in Mandibular Defects","author":"ZB G\u00f6nen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref016","article-title":"Magnesium Nanocomposite Hydrogel Reverses the Pathologies to Enhance Mandible Regeneration","volume":"37","author":"J Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328218804926","article-title":"Physiochemical characterization and biological effect of anorganic bovine bone matrix and organic-containing bovine bone matrix in comparison with Bio-Oss in rabbits","volume":"33","author":"Y-P Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomater Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-023-00502-1","article-title":"The impact of deproteinized bovine bone particle size on histological outcomes in sinus floor elevation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Implant Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1701-x","article-title":"Characterization of the human ridged and non-ridged skin: a comprehensive histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"151","author":"A Vela-Romera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041923","article-title":"Evaluation of Marine Agarose Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"22","author":"A Irastorza-Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323754.ref021","first-page":"541","article-title":"An in vitro biocompatibility study of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements","volume":"15","author":"IA Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2013.10.003","article-title":"Cryopreservation of an artificial human oral mucosa stroma. A viability and rheological study","volume":"67","author":"MA Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa9ad2","article-title":"Generation of genipin cross-linked fibrin-agarose hydrogel tissue-like models for tissue engineering applications","volume":"13","author":"F Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i1.55","article-title":"Early therapeutic effect of platelet-rich fibrin combined with allogeneic bone marrow-derived stem cells on rats\u2019 critical-sized mandibular defects","volume":"12","author":"MA Awadeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323754.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14111075","article-title":"Bone Regeneration with Dental Pulp Stem Cells in an Experimental Model","volume":"14","author":"H Hamad-Alrashid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155410398001","article-title":"A novel histochemical method for a simultaneous staining of melanin and collagen fibers","volume":"59","author":"VS Carriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151297","article-title":"Optimizing natural human-derived decellularized tissue materials for periodontal bone defect repair","volume":"748","author":"X-H Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-6113-1","article-title":"Bone grafting techniques and materials for implant dentistry","volume":"235","author":"S Kandhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.06.010","article-title":"Natural calcium phosphates from fish bones and their potential biomedical applications","volume":"91","author":"P Terzio\u011flu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0323754.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26103007","article-title":"Bone Grafts and Substitutes in Dentistry: A Review of Current Trends and Developments","volume":"26","author":"R Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200008)51:2<157::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Preparation of betaTCP\/HAP biphasic ceramics with natural bone structure by heating bovine cancellous bone with the addition of (NH(4))(2)HPO(4)","volume":"51","author":"FH Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35531","article-title":"The Biological Properties of Co-Doped Monetite Are Influenced by Thermal Treatment","volume":"113","author":"GS de Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323754.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00193-8","article-title":"Preparation of a biphasic porous bioceramic by heating bovine cancellous bone with Na4P2O7.10H2O addition","volume":"20","author":"FH Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323754.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-018-6061-5","article-title":"The effect of cyclic heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of bio hydroxyapatite from bovine bone","volume":"29","author":"SM Londo\u00f1o-Restrepo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323754.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c17087","article-title":"Chestnut-Inspired Hollow Hydroxyapatite 3D Printing Scaffolds Accelerate Bone Regeneration by Recruiting Calcium Ions and Regulating Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"P Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbw001","article-title":"Future challenges in the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of biomaterial biocompatibility","volume":"3","author":"JM Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12040056","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Moldable Demineralized Bone Matrix\/Calcium Sulfate Composite Bone Graft Materials","volume":"12","author":"I-C Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0323754.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092289","article-title":"Nano-Hydroxyapatite vs. Xenografts: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Behavior","volume":"11","author":"CR Dumitrescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-108-6_1","article-title":"Cell viability assays: introduction","volume":"740","author":"MJ Stoddart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2007.00080.x","article-title":"The bone tissue responses to prehydrated and collagenated cortico-cancellous porcine bone grafts: a study in rabbit maxillary defects","volume":"10","author":"U Nannmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2139-6","article-title":"Regenerative properties of collagenated porcine bone grafts in human maxilla: demonstrative study of the kinetics by synchrotron radiation microtomography and light microscopy","volume":"22","author":"A Giuliani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbz009","article-title":"Bone remodeling effect of a chitosan and calcium phosphate-based composite","volume":"6","author":"L Kjalarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33801","article-title":"The performance of CPC\/PLGA and Bio-Oss\u00ae for bone regeneration in healthy and osteoporotic rats","volume":"106","author":"CIA van Houdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323754.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031229","article-title":"Mechanism of Bone Mineralization","volume":"8","author":"M Murshed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421746","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/421746","article-title":"Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells","volume":"2015","author":"R Florencio-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1507","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans enhance osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"S Mathews","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00757","article-title":"The Bone Extracellular Matrix in Bone Formation and Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"X Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2024.100757","article-title":"Type 1 collagen: Synthesis, structure and key functions in bone mineralization","volume":"136","author":"V Selvaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02849-5","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of osteogenesis imperfecta, evidence for classification","volume":"18","author":"H Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323754.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107968","article-title":"Versican binds collagen via its G3 domain and regulates the organization and mechanics of collagenous matrices","volume":"300","author":"D Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0323754.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223939","article-title":"Usefulness of a Nanostructured Fibrin-Agarose Bone Substitute in a Model of Severely Critical Mandible Bone Defect","volume":"13","author":"M-A Martin-Piedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2004.01012.x","article-title":"A histological evaluation of the involvement of Bio-Oss in osteoblastic differentiation and matrix synthesis","volume":"15","author":"FI Tapety","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126379","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4126379","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction\/Xenohybrid Bone Scaffold: An Alternative Source for Bone Regeneration","volume":"2018","author":"I Roato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34153","article-title":"Effect of silicon-doped calcium phosphate bone grafting materials on bone regeneration and osteogenic marker expression after implantation in the ovine scapula","volume":"107","author":"C Knabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2001.tb00236.x","article-title":"Histologic analysis of clinical biopsies taken 6 months and 3 years after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with 80% bovine hydroxyapatite and 20% autogenous bone mixed with fibrin glue","volume":"3","author":"M Hallman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01407.x","article-title":"Ridge augmentation by applying bioresorbable membranes and deproteinized bovine bone mineral: a report of twelve consecutive cases","volume":"19","author":"CHF H\u00e4mmerle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323754.ref057","first-page":"395","article-title":"Efficacy of porous bovine bone mineral in various types of osseous deficiencies: clinical observations and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Z Artzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.050","article-title":"Monetite, an important calcium phosphate compound-Its synthesis, properties and applications in orthopedics","volume":"127","author":"H Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323754.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242013000500006","article-title":"Bone healing of mandibular critical-size defects in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"27","author":"VKL Chin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323754.ref060","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Calorie restriction in mice impairs cortical but not trabecular peak bone mass by suppressing bone remodeling","volume":"39","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01227-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"P Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4530-1","article-title":"The association of human primary bone cells with biphasic calcium phosphate (\u03b2TCP\/HA 70:30) granules increases bone repair","volume":"23","author":"O Lomelino R de","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323754.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00368.x","article-title":"Differentiating human bone from animal bone: a review of histological methods","volume":"52","author":"ML Hillier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323754.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33644","article-title":"Development and characterization of a xenograft material from New Zealand sourced bovine cancellous bone","volume":"105","author":"JTB Ratnayake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0323754.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174002","article-title":"Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process","volume":"29","author":"F Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10084","article-title":"Chemical, structural properties, and osteoconductive effectiveness of bone block derived from porcine cancellous bone","volume":"68","author":"S-H Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323754.ref067","first-page":"59","article-title":"Preparation and physicochemical properties of scaffold materials of heterogeneous deproteinized bone","volume":"10","author":"L Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323754.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02276-7","article-title":"The calcium-to-phosphorous (Ca\/P) ratio in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism: a multicentric study","volume":"68","author":"B Madeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"pone.0323754.ref069","article-title":"Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Composition, Thermostability, Porosity and Swelling of Collagen Matrices of Demineralized Porcine Cortical Bone","volume":"67","author":"MS de Lopes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz arch biol technol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T17:49:57Z","timestamp":1747676997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323754"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos Alberto Antunes","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323754","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}