{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:31:44Z","timestamp":1791491504096,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food-drug interactions (FDIs) are a significant clinical concern, impacting the effectiveness and safety of treatments. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) play a crucial role in minimizing these risks through appropriate patient education. The Ho Teaching Hospital (HTH) in Ghana serves a large patient population with varying medication needs. However, there is limited data on the knowledge and attitudes of HCPs regarding FDIs in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed and modelled the knowledge and attitudes of HCPs towards FDIs at HTH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey of 300 HCPs, including medical doctors, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, and dietitians, was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests, logistic regression models and path analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean knowledge score on FDIs was 27.52 (SD\u2009=\u20098.71) out of 61, indicating low knowledge. Pharmacists scored the highest, while profession and sex significantly influenced knowledge levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Only 39% of participants demonstrated high knowledge, and 49.70% exhibited a good attitude towards FDIs. Males were less likely to show good attitudes compared to females (aOR = 0.15;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038). HCPs who attended FDI training (aOR = 1.83;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027) and Christians (aOR = 2.17;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) displayed more favorable attitudes. The mediation analysis revealed that knowledge of alcohol-drug interactions influences overall attitudes through pathways involving knowledge of drug-food time intervals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge of FDIs among HCPs is inadequate, with significant variability across professions. Pharmacists demonstrated the highest knowledge levels, while overall attitudes varied by sex, training, and religious affiliation. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational programs and training for HCPs regarding FDIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T13:40:13Z","timestamp":1747921213000},"page":"e0323793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Food-drug interactions: Modelling knowledge and attitude among healthcare professionals at the Ho Teaching Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Donatus Wewura","family":"Adongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7899-3036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Adedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-1486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Augustine","family":"Tandoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Amekyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3140-2649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Killian Asampana","family":"Asosega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Kwaku","family":"Benneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2210-5560","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eli Yao","family":"Lawluvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inemesit Okon","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-5174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abigail","family":"Hohoayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Wiafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones","family":"Ofori-Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salifu","family":"Nanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Woode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0323793.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000115345","article-title":"Food and drug interaction: consequences for the nutrition\/health status","volume":"52","author":"D Genser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.08.001","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying food-drug interactions: inhibition of intestinal metabolism and transport","volume":"136","author":"CS Won","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S389068","article-title":"Knowledge of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals working in Public Hospitals in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"N Degefu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323793.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259402","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals in public sector hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"16","author":"EC Osuala","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2011.21","article-title":"Food-drug interactions","volume":"26","author":"R Bushra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-018-0640-x","article-title":"Evaluation of community pharmacists\u2019 knowledge and awareness of food-drug interactions in Palestine","volume":"40","author":"A Radwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0323793.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.2165\/11585250-000000000-00000","article-title":"Grapefruit-drug interactions","volume":"70","author":"K Seden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323793.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.05.038","article-title":"Better to avoid grapefruit with certain statins","volume":"129","author":"DG Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323793.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100185","article-title":"Grapefruit juice, a glass full of drug interactions?","volume":"81","author":"BJ Kirby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323793.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.03.002","article-title":"Effect of food and acid-reducing agents on the absorption of oral targeted therapies in solid tumors","volume":"21","author":"AECAB Willemsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323793.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.3285","article-title":"Effects of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib in cancer patients","volume":"27","author":"KM Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323793.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0190-x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with ethanol (alcohol)","volume":"53","author":"L-N Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0323793.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10207","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010207","article-title":"Drug-food interactions with a focus on Mediterranean diet","volume":"12","author":"M Spanakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.10.009","article-title":"Adverse food-drug interactions","volume":"73","author":"A de Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0323793.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1997909","article-title":"Food supplement vitamins, minerals, amino-acids, fatty acids, phenolic and alkaloid-based substances: an overview of their interaction with drugs","volume":"63","author":"M Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.76.2.65","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K variability affects International Normalized Ratio (INR) coagulation indices","volume":"76","author":"R Couris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0846-9","article-title":"Food-drug interactions in the summary of product characteristics of proprietary medicinal products","volume":"61","author":"MT San Miguel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref018","article-title":"Assessing and managing drug-nutrient interactions","volume":"42","author":"KE Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323793.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234779","article-title":"Food-drug interactions: Knowledge among pharmacists in Jordan","volume":"15","author":"M Zawiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref020","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 awareness and perception of drug-drug and drug food interactions","volume":"2","author":"HAE Elshenawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBNR"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and awareness of food and drug interactions among nurses with different levels of experience","volume":"2","author":"NM Enwerem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref022","first-page":"52","article-title":"National assessment of public awareness and attitudes towards interactions: A study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"23","author":"A Alhur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biosci"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S419544","article-title":"Healthcare professionals and undergraduate students\u2019 knowledge toward drug-food interactions in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"SA Alhubail","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281310","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of non-communicable diseases among Ghanaian adults: a survey at a secondary healthcare level","volume":"18","author":"H Boakye","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000692","article-title":"Community characteristics and the risk of non-communicable diseases in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"WA Avogo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323793.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293726","article-title":"Dietary patterns among adults in three low-income urban communities in Accra, Ghana","volume":"18","author":"SB Kushitor","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35500\/jghs.2023.5.e16","article-title":"Correlates of perception and attitude towards people living with epilepsy in Adaklu District, Volta Region, Ghana","volume":"5","author":"DW Adongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2014.003","article-title":"Understanding logistic regression analysis","volume":"24","author":"S Sperandei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref029","volume-title":"Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models","author":"JJ Faraway","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref030","first-page":"15","article-title":"Logistic regression","volume":"1","author":"JM Hilbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Febrianti R, Widyaningsih Y, Soemartojo S. The parameter estimation of logistic regression with maximum likelihood method and score function modification. In: Journal of Physics Conference Series. IOP Publishing. 2021.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1725\/1\/012014"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref032","article-title":"Psychoactive substance use and associated factors among students in a Ghanaian Tertiary Institution","volume":"24","author":"DW Adongo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci African"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0323793.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/03610928008827941","article-title":"Goodness of fit tests for the multiple logistic regression model","volume":"9","author":"DW Hosmer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Comm Stats \u2013 Theory Methods"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"DJ Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref035","volume-title":"Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application","author":"PD Allison","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref036","volume-title":"Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence","author":"D MacKenzie","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00337","article-title":"Powerful goodness-of-fit tests based on the likelihood ratio","volume":"64","author":"J Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc Ser B: Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557","article-title":"Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses","volume":"57","author":"QH Vuong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4181426","article-title":"Comparative analysis of some structural equation model estimation methods with application to coronary heart disease risk","volume":"2020","author":"D Adedia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Probab Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.55131\/jphd\/2022\/200307","article-title":"Mediation effects of individuals\u2019 sexual quality of life on the relationship between sexual quality of life of partners and its predictors: a path analysis","volume":"20","author":"H Alidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPHD"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323793.ref041","article-title":"Knowledge and awareness of food and drug interactions (FDI): a survey among health care professionals","volume":"1","author":"JM Benni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacol Clin Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref042","article-title":"Food-drug interactions: Careful drug selection and patient counseling can reduce the risk in older patients","volume":"59","author":"ER Leibovitch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-98367-9.00002-0","volume-title":"Food\u2013drug interactions and their implications on oral drug bioavailability","author":"S Polaka","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0154-6","article-title":"Review of case reports on hyperkalemia induced by dietary intake: not restricted to chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"73","author":"RPM Te Dorsthorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323793.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-09-049262","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for patients with unexplained variability in response to warfarin","volume":"109","author":"E Sconce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323793.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2018.649.","article-title":"Clinically significant food-drug interactions","volume":"33","author":"S Ased","year":"2018","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323793.ref047","first-page":"059","article-title":"Review of grapefruit juice-drugs interactions mediated by intestinal CYP3A4 inhibition","volume":"14","author":"WA Dayyih","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02889.x","article-title":"Effect of timing of dosing in relation to food intake on the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole","volume":"64","author":"MB Sostek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18001","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of long-term proton pump inhibitor use","volume":"24","author":"Y Kinoshita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0323793.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0832-z","article-title":"A review of food-drug interactions on oral drug absorption","volume":"77","author":"J Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02167-19","article-title":"Fact versus fiction: a review of the evidence behind alcohol and antibiotic interactions","volume":"64","author":"KA Mergenhagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00031-8","article-title":"Alcohol-medical drug interactions","volume":"125","author":"BA Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2007.03.006","article-title":"Risks of combined alcohol\/medication use in older adults","volume":"5","author":"AA Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323793.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827613483956","article-title":"Drug\u2013alcohol interactions","volume":"7","author":"TL Lenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323793.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718944","article-title":"Assessment of healthcare professionals\u2019 knowledge about warfarin-vitamin K drug-nutrient interactions","volume":"19","author":"RR Couris","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-016-0066-3","article-title":"A review of American pharmacy: education, training, technology, and practice","volume":"2","author":"SJ Knoer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Health Care Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913919832927","article-title":"Contribution of pharmacy education to pharmaceutical research and development: critical insights from educators","volume":"140","author":"AI Nouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2013.10.004","article-title":"A segmentation analysis for pharmacists\u2019 and patients\u2019 views of pharmacists\u2019 roles","volume":"10","author":"JC Schommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00444-9","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 knowledge of drug food administration and their appropriate patient counseling a cross-sectional study from Palestine","volume":"42","author":"M Abualhasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323793.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01252-9","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding drug interactions among community pharmacists","volume":"29","author":"N Makkaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref061","first-page":"37","article-title":"Role of the pharmacist in reducing healthcare costs: current insights","volume":"6","author":"K Dalton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmx085","article-title":"Multidisciplinary collaboration in primary care: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"C Saint-Pierre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref063","first-page":"173","article-title":"The role of clinical pharmacists in educating nurses to reduce drug-food interactions (absorption phase) in hospitalized patients","volume":"10","author":"M Abbasi Nazari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.21290","article-title":"The impact of CME on physician performance and patient health outcomes: an updated synthesis of systematic reviews","volume":"35","author":"RM Cervero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Health Prof"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04427-6","article-title":"Continuing professional development (CPD) system development, implementation, evaluation and sustainability for healthcare professionals in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a rapid scoping review","volume":"23","author":"L Merry","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0323793.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2016.1173663","article-title":"A BEME systematic review of the effects of interprofessional education: BEME Guide No. 39","volume":"38","author":"S Reeves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v16i0.6035","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of interprofessional education","volume":"16","author":"DR Bridges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2003.01426.x","article-title":"Dignity and impudence: how should medical students acquire and practise clinical skills for use with older people?","volume":"37","author":"R Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref069","first-page":"65","article-title":"Working together: why bother with collaboration?","volume":"5","author":"S Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Work Based Learn Prim Care"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0323793.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3199","article-title":"Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population","volume":"172","author":"TD Shanafelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323793.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm2702_5","article-title":"Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting","volume":"27","author":"J Wardle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323793.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dat063","article-title":"Gender differences in health information behaviour: a Finnish population-based survey","volume":"30","author":"S Ek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"pone.0323793.ref073","volume-title":"Handbook of religion and health","author":"H Koenig","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323793.ref074","first-page":"352","article-title":"The role of spirituality in health care","volume":"14","author":"CM Puchalski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref075","first-page":"40","article-title":"Alcohol and medication interactions","volume":"23","author":"R Weathermon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323793.ref076","first-page":"24","article-title":"Think before you drink: interactions between alcohol and OTC medicines","volume":"20","author":"L Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"SA Pharm Assist"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1747921235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323793"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}