{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:51Z","timestamp":1787022171247,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1NU2GGH002056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1NU2GGH002056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People who inject drugs (PWID) in Zambia are an understudied population at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. We report here on the progress within the PWID communities of Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia towards the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) 95-95-95 targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A biobehavioral survey used respondent-driven sampling to survey 235 PWID in Livingstone, 349 in Lusaka, and 259 in Ndola in 2021\u201322. Questions on HIV and injection drug use were administered, and blood was collected for HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C testing. Weighted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Gile\u2019s sequential sampling estimator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, HIV prevalence among PWID was 11.9% (95% CI: 7.3, 16.5), 7.3% (95% CI: 4.5, 10.2), and 21.9% (95% CI: 14.5, 29.3), respectively. Among HIV-positive PWID in Livingstone, 70.7% (95% CI: 55.4, 85.0) were aware of their HIV status (95% is 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      UNAIDS target), 100% of those were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (95% is 2\n                      <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                      UNAIDS target), and 100% of those achieved viral load suppression (VLS) (95% is 3\n                      <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n                      UNAIDS target). In Lusaka, 66.0% (95% CI: 49.3, 82.2) were aware, 75.7% (95% CI: 51.1, 99.9) were on ART, and 66.3% (95% CI: 42.1, 90.9) achieved VLS. In Ndola, 60.2% (95% CI: 44.1, 76.0), 100%, and 90.2% (95% CI: 82.2, 98.3) were aware, on ART, and achieved VLS, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Awareness of HIV status was low among PWID living in Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia. Treatment and VLS progress were lacking in Lusaka and Ndola as well with Lusaka showing the least progress toward all three UNAIDS targets. Our site-level findings highlight critical gaps in PWID-specific HIV awareness, treatment, and VLS status in three major urban areas in Zambia that limit progress toward HIV epidemic control in this hard-to-reach population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:44:38Z","timestamp":1748353478000},"page":"e0323919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Local data for local programming: Results from an HIV biobehavioral survey among people who inject drugs in Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia, 2021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-2208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Woytowich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne F.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiwote","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brave","family":"Hanunka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazarus","family":"Chelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tepa","family":"Nkumbula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Tally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Handema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shepherd","family":"Khondowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Kapungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lophina","family":"Chilukutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chipili","family":"Mulemfwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin","family":"Mwansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Mutale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-8197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neena M.","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1699-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giles","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce J.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-9273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Lahuerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-5811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Parmley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi J.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas Z.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd B.","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323919.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9651","key":"pone.0323919.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323919.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001039","article-title":"HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks","volume":"30","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref004","article-title":"Pepfar\u2019s evolving HIV prevention approaches for key populations\u2014people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and sex workers: progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"60","author":"R Needle","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref005","volume-title":"UNAIDS Data 2020","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003340","article-title":"New HIV Infections Among Key Populations and Their Partners in 2010 and 2022, by World Region: A Multisources Estimation","volume":"95","author":"EL Korenromp","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323919.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00013-X","article-title":"Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"C Arum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323919.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.09.003","article-title":"people who inject drugs, HIV risk, and HIV testing uptake in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"24","author":"AK Asher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323919.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt243","article-title":"Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"EJ Aspinall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112384","article-title":"The intersectional risk environment of people who use drugs","volume":"234","author":"AB Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0323919.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323919.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30073-5","article-title":"HIV and the criminalisation of drug use among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"K DeBeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323919.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1524119","article-title":"Quality of care and HIV service utilization among key populations in Zambia: a qualitative comparative analysis among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and people who use drugs","volume":"31","author":"N Pilgrim","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"9739","key":"pone.0323919.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60830-6","article-title":"People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights","volume":"376","author":"R J\u00fcrgens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref015","volume-title":"The Global Health Observatory: HIV","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59531-3_15-1","article-title":"Sex Work and Prostitution.","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Sexuality and Gender","author":"T. Orchard","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref017","volume-title":"2025 AIDS Targets","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323919.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272405","article-title":"Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: A pathway to ending AIDS","volume":"17","author":"L Frescura","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref019","article-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection","volume-title":"Recommendations for a Public Health Approach Geneva","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref020","volume-title":"Zambia: Population-based HIV\/AIDS Impact Assessment (ZAMPHIA) 2016: Final Report","author":"Ministry of Health Zambia","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref021","volume-title":"Zambia","author":"United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/bdf42380-en","volume-title":"World Drug Report: 2014","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323919.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4655-2","article-title":"High prevalence of HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV positivity among people who injected drugs: results of the first bio-behavioral survey using respondent-driven sampling in two urban areas in Mozambique","volume":"19","author":"C Sem\u00e1 Baltazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref024","article-title":"HIV and STI prevalence and injection behaviors among people who inject drugs in Nairobi: results from a 2011 bio-behavioral study using respondent-driven sampling","author":"W Tun","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.01.004","article-title":"HIV prevalence and risk among people who inject drugs in five South African cities","volume":"30","author":"A Scheibe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102656","article-title":"Global systematic review and ecological analysis of HIV in people who inject drugs: National population sizes and factors associated with HIV prevalence","volume":"77","author":"S Larney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0323919.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000200","article-title":"HIV treatment cascade in MSM, people who inject drugs, and sex workers","volume":"10","author":"K Risher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"9740","key":"pone.0323919.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60928-2","article-title":"Time to act: a call for comprehensive responses to HIV in people who use drugs","volume":"376","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323919.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","article-title":"Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations","volume":"44","author":"D Heckathorn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323919.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11","article-title":"Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations","volume":"49","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref031","volume-title":"AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care","author":"TF Babor","year":"2001"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0323919.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref033","volume-title":"Zambia Consolidated Guidelines for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection","author":"Ministry of Health Zambia","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref034","volume-title":"Determine (TM) HIV-1\/2 AG\/AB Combo","author":"Abbott Molecular Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref035","author":"Abbott Molecular Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref036","author":"Roche Molecular Diagnostics","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref037","author":"Chembio Diagnostics Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref038","volume-title":"Bioline (TM) SYPHILIS 3.0: Syphilis Antibody Test","author":"Abbott Molecular Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref039","volume-title":"Determine (TM) HBsAg","author":"Abbott Molecular Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref040","volume-title":"Bioline (TM) HCV","author":"Abbott Molecular Incorporated","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref041","volume-title":"7500 Real-Time PCR System","author":"Applied Biosystems","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref042","volume-title":"TaqMan\u2122 Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix for qPCR","author":"Applied Biosystems","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref043","volume-title":"RDS Analyst: Software for the Analysis of Respondent-Driven Sampling Data, Version 0.72","author":"MS Handcock","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref044","volume-title":"SAS: Analytics Software & Solutions","author":"SAS Institute Inc","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref045","volume-title":"The R Project for Statistical Computing","author":"The R Foundation","year":"2023"},{"issue":"493","key":"pone.0323919.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2011.ap09475","article-title":"Improved inference for respondent-driven sampling data with application to HIV prevalence estimation","volume":"106","author":"K Gile","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323919.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002453","article-title":"Use of viral load to improve survey estimates of known HIV-positive status and antiretroviral treatment coverage","volume":"34","author":"PW Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref048","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services 2019","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref049","article-title":"Drug and alcohol abuse prevention education in selected secondary schools in zambia: policy guidelines used","author":"I Masiye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci & Res"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref050","article-title":"Drug Treatment as HIV Prevention Among Women and Girls Who Inject Drugs From a Global Perspective: Progress, Gaps, and Future Directions","author":"SA Springer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0323919.ref051","article-title":"Epidemiology of Drug Use and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among People Who Inject Drugs in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"AX Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323919.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9635-z","article-title":"Willingness to access peer-delivered HIV testing and counseling among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"38","author":"L Ti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323919.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00580-7","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of HIV and hepatitis C care among people who inject drugs in Nairobi, Kenya: a qualitative study with peer educators","volume":"18","author":"NT Ludwig-Barron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref054","first-page":"189","article-title":"Role of peer educators in behaviour change communication interventions for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs: systematic review article","volume":"10","author":"MA Mabuie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol Soc Sci J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323919.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30071-1","article-title":"Collateral damage and the criminalisation of drug use","volume":"4","author":"L Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323919.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328354bcc8","article-title":"Barriers to HIV treatment among people who use injection drugs: implications for \u201ctreatment as prevention\u201d","volume":"7","author":"M-J Milloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref057","article-title":"Enhancing benefits or increasing harms: community responses for HIV among men who have sex with men, transgender women, female sex workers, and people who inject drugs","volume":"66","author":"S Baral","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"key":"pone.0323919.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.037","article-title":"Strategies used by people who inject drugs to avoid stigma in healthcare settings","volume":"198","author":"DL Biancarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323919.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1969332","article-title":"PrEP for key populations: results from the first PrEP demonstration project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"34","author":"J Franks","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0323919.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.086850","article-title":"Opioid substitution therapy in resource-poor settings","volume":"89","author":"M Kermode","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0323919.ref061","first-page":"27","article-title":"A simplified point-of-service model for hepatitis C in people who inject drugs in South Africa","volume":"20","author":"E Saayman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology Res J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0323919.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289007","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on sexual risk behaviors, safe injection practices, and access to HIV services among key populations in Zambia: Findings from a rapid qualitative formative assessment","volume":"18","author":"LE Parmley","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0323919.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.2.167","article-title":"Recall bias: a proposal for assessment and control","volume":"16","author":"K Raphael","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0323919.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420150303","article-title":"Methods of coping with social desirability bias: a review","volume":"15","author":"AJ Nederhof","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1748353494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323919"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Jahun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323919","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}