{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:52Z","timestamp":1787022172168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T022302\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T022302\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGW.21.008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGW.21.008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite current clinical knowledge of the risks associated with tobacco consumption, the bioarchaeological investigation of tobacco\u2019s effect on health in past populations remains woefully underexamined. This study explores the potential respiratory health implications of the rapid incorporation of tobacco-use into the everyday lives of English citizens during the post-medieval period. Adult skeletons from urban post-medieval St James\u2019s Gardens Burial Ground, Euston, London (N\u2009=\u2009281; CE1789\u20131853) and rural post-medieval (N\u2009=\u2009151; CE1500\u20131855) and medieval (N\u2009=\u200962; CE1150\u20131500) Barton-upon-Humber were examined. Individuals were assessed for tobacco consumption status using osteoarchaeological and biomolecular methods. Individuals were observed for bone changes related to inflammation within the maxillary sinuses and within the pleural\/pulmonary regions. Statistical tests revealed a significant association between tobacco consumption and the presence of pulmonary\/pleural inflammation in the Barton-upon-Humber post-medieval group. Tobacco consumers at Barton-upon-Humber were also more than twice as likely to present with maxillary sinusitis or pleural\/pulmonary inflammation, although the results were not statistically significant. Differences between tobacco consumers and non-consumers in the London group were not apparent, but the odds of having maxillary sinusitis increased by two-fold in middle adults (compared to young adults) and lower socio-economic groups (compared to higher socio-economic groups). Significant differences in respiratory disease frequencies were apparent between rural and urban groups. The results highlight the complexity of factors affecting upper and lower respiratory disease, indicating the potential impacts of not only tobacco consumption, but household, environmental, and occupational air pollution, as well as poor water sanitation, on frequencies of respiratory disease in different population groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1747922284000},"page":"e0324045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cA custome lothsome\u201d: Investigating the association between tobacco consumption and respiratory inflammation in two post-medieval English populations (c. CE 1500\u20131855)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-1468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Davies-Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-7889","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maia","family":"Casna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Inskip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00367.x","article-title":"Tobacco battered and the pipes shattered: a note on the fate of the first British campaign against tobacco smoking","volume":"81","author":"L Harrison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref002","volume-title":"A counterblaste to tobacco","author":"James I K of E","year":"1604"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref003","volume-title":"The archaeology of smoking and tobacco","author":"GL Fox","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref004","volume-title":"Tobacco in history: the cultures of dependence","author":"J Goodman","year":"1993"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7765\/9781526152794.00012","article-title":"Who smokes anymore? Documentary, archaeological and osteological evidence for tobacco consumption and its relationship to social identity in industrial England, 1700\u20131850.","volume-title":"The material body: embodiment, history and archaeology in industrialising England, 1700 - 1850","author":"AM Davies-Barrett","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref006","first-page":"25","article-title":"Bad habits and female agency: attending to early modern women in the material history of intoxication.","volume-title":"Challenging Women\u2019s Agency and Activism in Early Modernity","author":"A. McShane","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1017\/S0018246X21000273","article-title":"Tobacco-taking and identity-making in early modern Britain and North America","volume":"65","author":"A McShane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hist J"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref008","volume-title":"Learning to smoke: tobacco use in the West","author":"J Hughes","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref009","volume-title":"Smoking in British popular culture, 1800-2000","author":"M Hilton","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0324045.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302584","article-title":"Cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial infection","volume":"192","author":"AA Lugade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.01.013","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and inflammation revisited","volume":"187","author":"O Rom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15051033","article-title":"Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review","volume":"15","author":"A Strzelak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/123845","article-title":"Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"C Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.4.335","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"MN Bates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0324045.ref015","first-page":"942","article-title":"Smoking and tuberculosis: an association overlooked","volume":"6","author":"V Maurya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0324045.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru082","article-title":"Tobacco smoking: a major risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis--evidence from a cross-sectional study in central India","volume":"108","author":"VG Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0324045.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220204","article-title":"Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"V Baskaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17101220","article-title":"Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: a concise review","volume":"17","author":"JH Ryu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.2.20210849","article-title":"Occupational and environmental exposures, the association with chronic sinusitis","volume":"43","author":"FM Alkholaiwi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818757697","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Association between Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"158","author":"DN Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21054","article-title":"Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"DD Reh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324045.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31223","article-title":"Association Between Smoking and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"134","author":"CJ-W Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23033","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"S Gandini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-36","article-title":"Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"R Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164117701876","article-title":"The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications","volume":"14","author":"M \u015aliwi\u0144ska-Mosso\u0144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70015-0","article-title":"Smoking and cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"AC Villablanca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.4.tb03400.x","article-title":"Tobacco use and oral disease","volume":"65","author":"DM Winn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107192","article-title":"Interaction of smoking and social status on the risk of respiratory outcomes in a Swedish adult population: A Nordic Epilung study","volume":"211","author":"MBA Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0324045.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2441","article-title":"Socioeconomic Inequality in Respiratory Health in the US From 1959 to 2018","volume":"181","author":"AW Gaffney","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab193","article-title":"Tobacco-Related Disparities Viewed Through the Lens of Intersectionality","volume":"24","author":"CE Sheffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351050197","volume-title":"Anthropology of tobacco","author":"A Russell","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1179\/174581310X12662382629373","article-title":"Smoking and health in London\u2019s East End in the first half of the 19th century","volume":"44","author":"D Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Post-Medieval Archaeology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23717","article-title":"Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid-nineteenth-century Ireland","volume":"167","author":"J Geber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/00794236.2022.2156834","article-title":"Pipe smoking and oral health in males from The Netherlands during the 18th\u201319th century","volume":"57","author":"S Inskip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Post-Medieval Archaeology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.2024.2425814","article-title":"Exploring the impact of tobacco consumption on the respiratory health of two Dutch skeletal populations (1300\u20131829 CE)","volume":"55","author":"M Casna","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Archaeology"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022","article-title":"Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity","volume":"110","author":"GR Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref037","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Univ Chic Leg Forum"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref038","article-title":"Intersectionality and the Interpretation of Past Pandemics","author":"S Yaussy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BI"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429262340-4","article-title":"Bioarchaeological applications of intersectionality.","volume-title":"Theoretical approaches in bioarchaeology","author":"SN DeWitte","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108379830.006","article-title":"The history of european oral health: evidence from dental caries and antemortem tooth loss.","volume-title":"The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence over Two Millennia","author":"U Wittwer-Backofen","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27401-0","article-title":"Examination of human osteoarchaeological remains as a feasible source of polar and apolar metabolites to study past conditions","volume":"13","author":"D Badillo-Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0324045.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn9317","article-title":"Archaeometabolomics characterizes phenotypic differences in human cortical bone at a molecular level relating to tobacco use","volume":"10","author":"D Badillo-Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref043","volume-title":"Barton on Humber in the 1850\u2019s. Part 2. The Town and the People","author":"Barton on Humber Branch Workers\u2019 Educational Association","year":"1978"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref044","volume-title":"Barton on Humber. The town book of 1676","author":"Barton on Humber Branch Workers\u2019 Educational Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref045","volume-title":"Barton on Humber in the 1850s. Cradle to the Grave","author":"Barton on Humber Branch Workers\u2019 Educational Association","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref046","volume-title":"St Peter\u2019s, Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire: A Parish Church and its Community. Volume 1: History, archaeology and Architecture","author":"W Rodwell","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2024.12.001","article-title":"An \u201cIndex of Oro-dental Disease\u201d: A holistic method for understanding the impacts of different risk factors on oral health in archaeological populations","volume":"48","author":"AM Davies-Barrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref048","volume-title":"St James\u2019s Gardens Post-Excavation Assessment (Unpublished Report)","author":"R Hartle","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref049","volume-title":"Labour and Life of the People, Appendix to volume 2. Map Descriptive of London Poverty 1898\u20139. Sheet 6","author":"C Booth","year":"1891"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref050","author":"T Hitchcock"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00133","article-title":"Continuity, change, and specialization within metropolitan London: The economy of Westminster, 1750-1820","volume":"52","author":"C Harvey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Econ Hist Rev"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref052","year":"1730"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref053","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and risk of severe infectious respiratory diseases in UK adults: 12-year follow-up of UK biobank","volume":"45","author":"LJ McGeoch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437238","article-title":"Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acs\u00e1di-Nemesk\u00e9ri and Suchey-Brooks methods","volume":"5","author":"S Brooks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22639","article-title":"Estimating age of mature adults from the degeneration of the sternal end of the clavicle","volume":"156","author":"CG Falys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11776J","article-title":"Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis: White Males","volume":"29","author":"M Ya\u015far \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330650206","article-title":"Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: a new method to estimate age at death in white males","volume":"65","author":"MY I\u015fcan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11018J","article-title":"Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis: White Females","volume":"30","author":"M Ya\u015far \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680103","article-title":"Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death","volume":"68","author":"CO Lovejoy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref060","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: Proceedings of a seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History, organized by Jonathan Haas","author":"JE Buikstra","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref061","first-page":"23","article-title":"Determination of sex from archaeological skeletal material and assessment of parturition.","volume-title":"Guidelines to the standards for recording human remains","author":"MB. Brickley","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10012","article-title":"A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone","volume":"117","author":"J Bruzek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22102","article-title":"A revised method of sexing the human innominate using Phenice\u2019s nonmetric traits and statistical methods","volume":"149","author":"AR Klales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","article-title":"A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis","volume":"30","author":"TW Phenice","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23769","article-title":"Inflammatory periosteal reaction on ribs associated with lower respiratory tract disease: A method for recording prevalence from sites with differing preservation","volume":"168","author":"AM Davies-Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.07.004","article-title":"Time to be nosy: Evaluating the impact of environmental and sociocultural changes on maxillary sinusitis in the Middle Nile Valley (Neolithic to Medieval periods)","volume":"34","author":"AM Davies-Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980408","article-title":"Maxillary sinusitis in Medieval Chichester, England","volume":"98","author":"P Boocock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.d.18.00242","article-title":"What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?","volume":"71","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.726","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods","volume":"86","author":"M Aickin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref070","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref071","article-title":"Desert Dust and City Smoke","author":"A Davies-Barrett","year":"2023","journal-title":"BI"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980409","article-title":"Comparative study of the prevalence of maxillary sinusitis in later Medieval urban and rural populations in northern England","volume":"98","author":"ME Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20601","article-title":"A bioarcheological study of maxillary sinusitis","volume":"133","author":"CA Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0324045.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.06.010","article-title":"Signs of sinusitis in times of urbanization in Viking Age-Early Medieval Sweden","volume":"40","author":"EA Sundman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref075","volume-title":"Manufactured bodies: the impact of industrialisation on London health","author":"G Western","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref076","volume-title":"The big smoke: a history of air pollution in London since medieval times","author":"P Brimblecombe","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.08.006","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Innate Immunomodulatory Effects of Household Air Pollution Secondary to the Burning of Biomass Fuels","volume":"81","author":"A Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref078","author":"T Birch","year":"1759"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref079","volume-title":"Tuberculosis and the Victorian literary imagination","author":"K Byrne","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20160","article-title":"Anatomy of a serial killer: differential diagnosis of tuberculosis based on rib lesions of adult individuals from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection, Portugal","volume":"130","author":"AL Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1054","article-title":"A picture of tuberculosis in young Portuguese people in the early 20th century: a multidisciplinary study of the skeletal and historical evidence","volume":"115","author":"AL Santos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20309","article-title":"On the trail of pulmonary tuberculosis based on rib lesions: results from the Human Identified Skeletal Collection from the Museu Bocage (Lisbon, Portugal)","volume":"130","author":"V Matos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22727","article-title":"Skeletal evidence of tuberculosis in a modern identified human skeletal collection (Certosa cemetery, Bologna, Italy)","volume":"157","author":"V Mariotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330950205","article-title":"Inflammatory lesions of ribs: an analysis of the Terry Collection","volume":"95","author":"C Roberts","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0324045.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy081","article-title":"Contribution of Smoking to Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality in High-Tuberculosis-Burden Countries","volume":"187","author":"GA Amere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130342","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and tuberculosis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"K Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref087","volume-title":"The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian capital","author":"S Halliday","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324045.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0769","article-title":"Effect of Improved Water Quality, Sanitation, Hygiene and Nutrition Interventions on Respiratory Illness in Young Children in Rural Bangladesh: A Multi-Arm Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"102","author":"S Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01568.x","article-title":"Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review","volume":"11","author":"T Rabie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12527-z","article-title":"The source and fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wastewater and possible routes of transmission","volume":"22","author":"HN Mtetwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324045.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.05.007","article-title":"The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"MC Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref092","volume-title":"Pollution and control: a social history of the Thames in the nineteenth century","author":"B Luckin","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref093","volume-title":"Hoop op gerechtigheid: de arbeiders en hun organisaties in Arnhem gedurende de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw","author":"E van Laar","year":"1966"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref094","author":"KS Bernofsky","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.081208","article-title":"Time from illness onset to death, 1918 influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"KP Klugman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2853","article-title":"Tobacco smoking increases the risk for death from pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"146","author":"S Bello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1086\/204084","article-title":"The osteological paradox: Problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples [and comments and reply]","volume":"33","author":"J Wood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref098","first-page":"152","article-title":"Women and poverty.","volume-title":"Women\u2019s History, Britain 1700-1850: An Introduction","author":"A. Tomkins","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref099","article-title":"Respiratory health hazards in agriculture","volume":"158","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2023.2178573","article-title":"Lung Health in Farming: A Scoping Review","volume":"28","author":"C O\u2019 Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/sinusitis3010002","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Sinus Problems in Farm and Non-Farm Populations of Rural Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"3","author":"A Kajiwara-Morita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sinusitis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0324045.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.02.022","article-title":"Respiratory Diseases Associated With Organic Dust Exposure","volume":"12","author":"JA Poole","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405733","article-title":"Organic dust disease of airways","volume":"65","author":"E Zuskin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386578","article-title":"Respiratory function and immunological reactions in jute workers","volume":"66","author":"E Zuskin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324045.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270608","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and lung function in wool textile workers","volume":"27","author":"E Zuskin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0324045.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199809000-00011","article-title":"Respiratory findings in workers employed in the brick-manufacturing industry","volume":"40","author":"E Zuskin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref107","volume-title":"1. St Peter\u2019s church: its setting and community. St Peter\u2019s, Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire: A Parish Church and its Community Volume 2: The Human Remains","author":"W Rodwell","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-0996-z","article-title":"Second-hand smoke exposure in adulthood and lower respiratory health during 20\u2009year follow up in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey","volume":"20","author":"C Flexeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S328748","article-title":"Second-Hand Smoke Exposure Associated with Risk of Respiratory Symptoms, Asthma, and COPD in 20,421 Adults from the General Population","volume":"14","author":"N Korsb\u00e6k","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.1.7812570","article-title":"Exposure-response relationship between passive smoking and adult pulmonary function","volume":"151","author":"X Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2004.11.008","article-title":"Effect of snuff on nasal mucosa","volume":"26","author":"S Sreedharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324045.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100122030","article-title":"Nasal muco-ciliary clearance in snuff users","volume":"107","author":"S Chetan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref113","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effect of occupational exposure to local powdered tobacco (snuff) on pulmonary function in south eastern Nigerians","volume":"24","author":"SO Maduka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Niger J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.022608","article-title":"Association of snuff use with chronic bronchitis among South African women: implications for tobacco harm reduction","volume":"17","author":"OA Ayo-Yusuf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-37","article-title":"Tobacco harm reduction: an alternative cessation strategy for inveterate smokers","volume":"3","author":"B Rodu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0324045.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.8.940","article-title":"Confirmations and surprises in the association of tobacco use with sinusitis","volume":"126","author":"JE Lieu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S102999","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure among adolescent students in Ju\u00e1rez, Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Y Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324045.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki113","article-title":"Smoking habit, respiratory symptoms and lung function in young adults","volume":"15","author":"I Urrutia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.10.059","article-title":"Sinusitis of odontogenic origin","volume":"135","author":"I Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324045.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(200003)111:3<301::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Maxillary sinusitis as an indicator of respiratory health in past populations","volume":"111","author":"DC Merrett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1268","article-title":"Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis in Medieval Sigtuna, Sweden: A Study of Sinus Health and Effects on Bone Preservation","volume":"23","author":"EA Sundman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intl J of Osteoarchaeology"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/157203","article-title":"Effects of tobacco product use on oral health and the role of oral healthcare providers in cessation: A narrative review","volume":"21","author":"S Gajendra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref123","volume-title":"Leading Causes of Death, 1900-1998","author":"CDC","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref124","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324045.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017601","article-title":"Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"EW Tiemersma","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.05.020","article-title":"Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"22","author":"M Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pone.0324045.ref127","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T13:58:32Z","timestamp":1747922312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324045"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Spekker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}