{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:12:17Z","timestamp":1788804737090,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020891","name":"Professional Staff Congress and City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90922-08-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90922-08-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH13638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH13638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Weather-related stressors on healthy brain development has become an important topic in recent years. Notably, prenatal stress exposure to natural disasters may disrupt child neurodevelopment, with recent research exploring its impact on child brain morphology. Prenatal exposure to extreme weather events, such as ambient heat, may also affect child brain morphology. The basal ganglia, while historically related to motor ability, has gained increasing attention for its role in various non-motor functions, such as emotion regulation. Leveraging an existing cohort with and without prenatal exposure to Superstorm Sandy (SS), a category 3 hurricane at its peak, this study aims to investigate how prenatal exposure to both a natural disaster and extreme ambient heat impacts this important subcortical region.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Main effects of SS and extreme heat exposure on basal ganglia volume were first analyzed to examine the independent effect on brain outcomes. Moderation models subsequently explored the potential role extreme heat had on the association between SS and basal ganglia volume. We used magnetic resonance imaging to measure basal ganglia gray matter volume at age 8 among 11 SS-exposed and 23 non-exposed children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The SS-exposed group, relative to their non-exposed counterparts, had significantly larger volume in the putamen and pallidum bilaterally, and right caudate. No notable main effects of extreme heat were found. Moderation models revealed, however, extreme heat exposure amplified the adverse impact of SS exposure on basal ganglia volume, evidenced by reduced left nucleus accumbens and increased left pallidum volume.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prenatal exposure to SS impacted child brain development. Extreme heat amplified this risk via increased and reduced brain volume from different basal ganglia subregions. Alongside promoting initiatives to combat climate change, increasing awareness of the potential dangers of exposure to extreme climate events for pregnant individuals is vital for protecting long-term child brain development.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T17:21:42Z","timestamp":1749662502000},"page":"e0324150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prenatal exposure to extreme ambient heat may amplify the adverse impact of Superstorm Sandy on basal ganglia volume among school-aged children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2207-7910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donato","family":"DeIngeniis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Duke","family":"Shereen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-3257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoko","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324150.ref001","volume-title":"Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy (AL182012), October 22\u201329, 2012","author":"E Blake","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref002","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref003"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref004","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324150.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01615-3","article-title":"Report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change: implications for the mental health policy of children and adolescents in Europe-a scoping review","volume":"31","author":"V Clemens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324150.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2019.71","article-title":"The Medical, Public Health, and Emergency Response to the Impact of 2017 Hurricane Irma in Cuba","volume":"14","author":"TL Zakrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100258","article-title":"Climate change and its implications for developing brains \u2013 In utero to youth: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"SA Kidd","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Climate Change and Health"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539","article-title":"Prenatal Developmental Origins of Future Psychopathology: Mechanisms and Pathways","volume":"15","author":"C Monk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003","article-title":"Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"BRH Van den Bergh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0324150.ref010","article-title":"Effects of Prenatal Stress on Behavior, Cognition, and Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"A Jagtap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0324150.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.502","article-title":"Maternal antenatal anxiety and children\u2019s behavioural\/emotional problems at 4 years. 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