{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:22:13Z","timestamp":1791217333307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anonymous","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs) typically hold missions of preventing abortion, opposing contraception, and promoting abstinence outside of marriage. They often lack transparency about their services, posing as medical facilities or even as abortion clinics. Given the lack of evidence on the extent to which people use crisis pregnancy centers, we sought to quantify the prevalence of ever attendance at a CPC among adult, reproductive-aged women from Survey of Women data from four states.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We analyzed cross-sectional data from population-representative surveys conducted among adult, reproductive-age women in 2018\u20132019 in Iowa (N\u2009=\u20092,425) and in 2019\u20132020 in Arizona (N\u2009=\u20092,132), New Jersey (N\u2009=\u20092,132), and Wisconsin (N\u2009=\u20092,095). Using survey weights, we calculated the prevalences of ever CPC attendance among those with a history of pregnancy or testing for pregnancy. We focused on this subset as this comprises the women who might have had cause to attend a CPC. We also used Poisson regression to test associations between demographic correlates and ever attendance by state.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prevalence of ever CPC attendance in adult, reproductive-age women with a history of pregnancy or testing for pregnancy was statistically significantly higher in Arizona (20.2%; 95% CI, 17.6%-23.1%) compared to Iowa (14.5%; 95% CI, 12.6%-16.7%), Wisconsin (14.3%; 95% CI, 12.1%-16.8%).), and New Jersey (11.6%; 95% CI, 9.6%-13.8%). Age, race\/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not correlated with ever CPC attendance among women with a history of pregnancy or testing for pregnancy in Arizona, Iowa, and New Jersey. In Wisconsin, prevalence was lower among those in the lowest socioeconomic stratum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ever attendance at CPCs is not rare, ranging from 11.6%-20.2% in the four states evaluated. The present study serves as an important baseline given that the prevalence may change as pregnancy options become increasingly restricted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:21:56Z","timestamp":1749057716000},"page":"e0324228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of crisis pregnancy center attendance among women in four U.S. states"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Teresa J.K.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaela H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9888-4304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Kavanaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-8963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"JaNelle M.","family":"Ricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9411-4767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria F.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324228.ref001","author":"Sistersong","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0324228.ref002","volume-title":"Any Restrictions on Reproductive Health Care Harm Reproductive Autonomy: Evidence from Four States","author":"R Easter","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0324228.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2022.2116489","article-title":"Free, but at what cost? How US crisis pregnancy centres provide services","volume":"25","author":"A Kissling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324228.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/16726","article-title":"A Web-Based Geolocated Directory of Crisis Pregnancy Centers (CPCs) in the United States: Description of CPC Map Methods and Design Features and Analysis of Baseline Data","volume":"6","author":"A Swartzendruber","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"pone.0324228.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.10.007","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health services and related health information on pregnancy resource center websites: A statewide content analysis","volume":"28","author":"A Swartzendruber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Womens Health 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Kimport","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324228.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1363\/4420112","article-title":"The public health risks of crisis pregnancy centers","volume":"44","author":"JD Rosen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324228.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.08.008","article-title":"Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the U.S.: Lack of Adherence to Medical and Ethical Practice Standards: A Joint Position Statement of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology","volume":"65","author":"Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324228.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.07.003","article-title":"Crisis pregnancy center websites: Information, misinformation and disinformation","volume":"90","author":"AG Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"pone.0324228.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100059","article-title":"\u201cI felt like I was a bad person\u2026 which I\u2019m not\u201d: Stigmatization in crisis pregnancy centers","volume":"2","author":"E Warren","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM - Qualitative Research in Health"},{"key":"pone.0324228.ref019","author":"A Swartzendruber"},{"key":"pone.0324228.ref020","author":"Anonymous"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324228.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1363\/psrh.12215","article-title":"Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 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Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contraception"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:22:02Z","timestamp":1749057722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324228"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janet E","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324228","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}