{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T04:07:58Z","timestamp":1748923678992,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec019\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Body Vigilance Scale (BVS) was designed and validated as a short and concise measure to assess attentional focus on bodily sensations and related processes. The BVS is available in the English language, but no Arabic version have been developed, and no validation of the scale exists in Lebanon. The current study aimed to determine the reliability, validity and factor structure of the Arabic version of the Body Vigilance Scale.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec020\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study has a cross-sectional design. It was conducted from October 2 to November 20, 2024, enrolling Lebanese adults. The study was carried out in the Arabic language and included the BVS, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index and the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 641 participants participated in this study, with a mean age of 35.11\u2009\u00b1\u200912.67 years and 70.5% females. Internal reliability of BVS was adequate (\u03c9\u2009=\u2009.87\/ \u03b1\u2009=\u2009.86). Invariance was shown at the metric and scalar levels in terms of genders. A significantly higher mean BVS score was found in females compared to males. Higher depression (r\u2009=\u20090.26; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), anxiety (r\u2009=\u20090.29; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), insomnia (r\u2009=\u20090.29; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and mindfulness (r\u2009=\u20090.27; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) correlated significantly with higher body vigilance scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Arabic version of the BVS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing somatic attention in Arabic-speaking populations. Its psychometric robustness, demonstrated measurement invariance across genders, and associations with psychological distress measures underscore its utility in both clinical and research settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:56:24Z","timestamp":1748886984000},"page":"e0324610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of the psychometric properties of Arabic version of the Body Vigilance Scale"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Chahine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hemade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian-Joseph","family":"El Zouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Lahoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feten","family":"Fekih-Romdhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-5689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Souheil","family":"Hallit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324610.ref001","volume-title":"Bodily sensations","author":"DM Armstrong","year":"1962"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0324610.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20330","article-title":"Body vigilance: bi-national examination of the construct","volume":"25","author":"A Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3846-7","article-title":"The impact of body vigilance on help-seeking for cancer \u201calarm\u201d symptoms: a community-based survey","volume":"16","author":"K Winstanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.2.214","article-title":"Body vigilance in panic disorder: evaluating attention to bodily perturbations","volume":"65","author":"NB Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref005","volume-title":"See what I\u2019m saying: The extraordinary powers of our five senses","author":"L Rosenblum","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200104000-00018","article-title":"Sensory stimuli and anxiety in children undergoing surgery: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"ZN Kain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref007","first-page":"33","article-title":"The fight-or-flight response: a cornerstone of stress research.","volume-title":"Stress: concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior","author":"R McCarty","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.030","article-title":"Perspectives on hypervigilance","volume":"141","author":"GB Rollman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5688\/aj710478","article-title":"Physiology of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"71","author":"LK McCorry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64123-6.00004-7","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress","volume":"175","author":"C Leistner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.22.2.115","article-title":"Is hypochondriasis related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, or both? An empirical evaluation","volume":"22","author":"B Deacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324610.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000344","article-title":"Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory","volume":"121","author":"RM Calogero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0324610.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.22744","article-title":"Anxiety disorders: a review","volume":"328","author":"KL Szuhany","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct_2016_09_05","article-title":"The role of body vigilance in depression symptomatology","volume":"9","author":"L McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.16.1.39","article-title":"Adult somatic preoccupation and its relationship to childhood trauma","volume":"16","author":"RA Sansone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0324610.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14492","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114492","article-title":"The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Rumination, and Suicide Ideation in Patients with Depression","volume":"19","author":"Y-H Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.017","article-title":"Adult insecure attachment plays a role in hyperarousal and emotion dysregulation in Insomnia disorder","volume":"262","author":"L Palagini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00671.x","article-title":"Sleep loss affects vigilance: effects of chronic insomnia and sleep therapy","volume":"17","author":"E Altena","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020285","article-title":"Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Body Awareness","volume":"12","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5304_16","article-title":"The body awareness questionnaire: reliability and validity","volume":"53","author":"S Shields","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01606.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale","volume":"61","author":"H G\u00fcle\u00e7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0324610.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048230","article-title":"The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)","volume":"7","author":"WE Mehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324610.ref023","first-page":"337","article-title":"The Illness Attitude Scales. A clinimetric index for assessing hypochondriacal fears and beliefs","volume":"77","author":"L Sirri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref024","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish version of the body vigilance scale","author":"D Amarilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294116648139","article-title":"Validation of the Japanese Version of the Body Vigilance Scale","volume":"118","author":"T Saigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2006.09.002","article-title":"Body vigilance in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples: structure, correlates, and prediction of health concerns","volume":"38","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0324610.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0393-x","article-title":"Perceived Parenting Styles and Cultural Influences in Adolescent\u2019s Anxiety: A Cross-Cultural Comparison","volume":"25","author":"SE Mousavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868317736222","article-title":"Exploring the East-West Divide in Prevalence of Affective Disorder: A Case for Cultural Differences in Coping With Negative Emotion","volume":"22","author":"J De Vaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.4.572","article-title":"A comparison of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"141","author":"DJ Anderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1903-8","article-title":"Mental and physical comorbidity in an Arab primary health care setting","volume":"18","author":"S Alkhadhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04827-4","article-title":"Understanding experiences of mental health help-seeking in Arab populations around the world: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"23","author":"HE Khatib","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324610.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12518","article-title":"Factors associated with depression among the Lebanese population: Results of a cross-sectional study","volume":"56","author":"S Obeid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04180-y","article-title":"Rate and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Beirut blast and the economic crisis among Lebanese University students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"C-J El Zouki","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0324610.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277883","article-title":"Dissociative experiences among Lebanese university students: Association with mental health issues, the economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Beirut port explosion","volume":"17","author":"M Mhanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324610.ref035","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4","volume":"50","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05978-8","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the ultra-brief self-report Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to assess anxiety and depression in Arabic-speaking adults","volume":"24","author":"S Obeid","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref037","volume-title":"Insomnia: psychological assessment and management","author":"CM Morin","year":"1993"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0324610.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.025","article-title":"Measuring mindfulness\u2014the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)","volume":"40","author":"H Walach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0324610.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2023.2267483","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory in the Arabic language","volume":"34","author":"Z Bitar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327574ijt0502_4","article-title":"Minimum Sample Size Recommendations for Conducting Factor Analyses","volume":"5","author":"DJ Mundfrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Testing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref042","volume-title":"Marketing research: an applied orientation","author":"N Malhotra","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"F Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324610.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","article-title":"A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research","volume":"3","author":"RJ Vandenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.07.008","article-title":"Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Lebanese adults","volume":"42","author":"V Swami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12046","article-title":"From alpha to omega: a practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation","volume":"105","author":"TJ Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref047","volume-title":"Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling","author":"JF Hair","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.02.012","article-title":"Cultural adaptation and validation of the Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescents for use in English among adolescents in urban India","volume":"37","author":"KM Garbett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x","article-title":"Objectification theory: toward understanding women\u2019s lived experiences and mental health risks","volume":"21","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0324610.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586860","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.586860","article-title":"Gender Brain Structural Differences and Interoception","volume":"14","author":"M Longarzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324610.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000507083","article-title":"Shaping of the female human brain by sex hormones: a review","volume":"111","author":"E Rehbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324610.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.02.012","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity, body vigilance and fear of pain","volume":"46","author":"MR Esteve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0324610.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141396","article-title":"Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors","volume":"12","author":"M Merino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324610.ref054","first-page":"57","article-title":"Body awareness and mindfulness: validation of the Spanish version of the Scale of Body Connection","volume":"42","author":"L del C Quezada-Berumen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:56:36Z","timestamp":1748886996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324610"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Baldini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}}}