{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1785327871263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to (1) assess if previously reported unidimensional factor structure of the Misophonia Impact Questionnaire (MIQ), Tinnitus Impact Questionnaire (TIQ), and Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire (HIQ) can be confirmed in a nonclinical population, and (2) examine test-retest reliability and establish the minimum detectable change (MDC) for MIQ, TIQ and HIQ. 451 people completed the MIQ and HIQ sections of an online survey. A sub-sample of 173\/451 who had tinnitus completed the TIQ too. 130\/451 participants completed the second survey with 2 weeks interval for the MIQ and HIQ and 32\/173 participants with tinnitus completed the TIQ in the second survey. All questionnaires showed excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 of 0.93 for both the MIQ and TIQ and 0.91 for the HIQ. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the MIQ, TIQ and HIQ were all one-factor questionnaires. Based on the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) values, the test-retest reliability was good for MIQ and HIQ and it was excellent for TIQ. Based on the MDC values, when these questionnaires are used for repeated measurements, the minimum amount of change that constitutes a true change is\u2009\u2265\u20098 for the total score of MIQ,\u2009\u2265\u20094 for the TIQ, and \u2265 7 for the total score of HIQ. In conclusion, the MIQ, TIQ and HIQ can be used in clinical practice or research setting to measure the impact of misophonia, tinnitus and hyperacusis on the individual\u2019s life, respectively, as one-factor questionnaires with excellent internal consistency and good to excellent test-retest reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1749145292000},"page":"e0324726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Misophonia impact questionnaire (MIQ), tinnitus impact questionnaire (TIQ), and hyperacusis impact questionnaire (HIQ): Factor analysis, test-retest reliability, and minimum detectable change using a non-clinical population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hashir","family":"Aazh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8858-1759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatma Betul","family":"Kula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324726.ref001","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324726.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(03)00008-7","article-title":"Tinnitus loudness matchings in relation to annoyance and grading of severity","volume":"30","author":"G Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-TTR17-18-0041","article-title":"Perception Versus Reaction: Comparison of Tinnitus Psychoacoustic Measures and Tinnitus Functional Index Scores","volume":"28","author":"C Manning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"The association between tinnitus sensation-level loudness and sleep quality in patients with subjective consecutive tinnitus: A mediation analysis","author":"Z Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20382","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20382","article-title":"Emotional states as mediators between tinnitus loudness and tinnitus distress in daily life: Results from the \u201cTrackYourTinnitus\u201d application","volume":"6","author":"T Probst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0324726.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1335887","article-title":"Factors related to tinnitus and hyperacusis handicap in older people","volume":"56","author":"H Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.841816","article-title":"A consensus definition of misophonia: Using a delphi process to reach expert agreement","volume":"16","author":"S Swedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23196","article-title":"What sound sources trigger misophonia? Not just chewing and breathing","author":"H Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.048","article-title":"The Brain Basis for Misophonia","volume":"27","author":"S Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324726.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44084-8","article-title":"Misophonia is associated with altered brain activity in the auditory cortex and salience network","volume":"9","author":"A Schr\u00f6der","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13679","article-title":"Misophonia matters: A case study of the role of brain imaging in debates over new diagnoses","volume":"46","author":"VW Perez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref012","first-page":"108","article-title":"Misophonia: awareness and responsiveness in academia","volume":"32","author":"CK Porcaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Postsecond Educ Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324726.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000904","article-title":"Prevalence, phenomenology, and impact of misophonia in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults","volume":"133","author":"LJ Dixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324726.ref014","first-page":"33","article-title":"\u201cHow Can I Get Out of This?\u201d: A Qualitative Study of the Phenomenology and Functional Impact of Misophonia in Youth and Families","volume":"58","author":"AG Guzick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903142","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.903142","article-title":"Emotion processes predicting outbursts and functional impact in misophonia","volume":"13","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"69","key":"pone.0324726.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.132100","article-title":"Insights from the First International Conference on Hyperacusis: causes, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"H Aazh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0324726.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1178400","article-title":"Tinnitus and hyperacusis therapy in a UK National Health Service audiology department: Patients\u2019 evaluations of the effectiveness of treatments","volume":"55","author":"H Aazh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref018","volume-title":"Hyperacusis and disorders of sound intolerance: clinical and research perspectives","author":"M Fagelson","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108158","article-title":"Hyperacusis in tinnitus patients relates to enlarged subcortical and cortical responses to sound except at the tinnitus frequency","volume":"401","author":"EA Koops","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103425","article-title":"Hyperacusis is associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the supplementary motor area","volume":"38","author":"P Makani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0324726.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1335888","article-title":"Factors related to uncomfortable loudness levels for patients seen in a tinnitus and hyperacusis clinic","volume":"56","author":"H Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324726.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16.2.4","article-title":"Estimates of loudness, loudness discomfort, and the auditory dynamic range: normative estimates, comparison of procedures, and test-retest reliability","volume":"16","author":"LP Sherlock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJA-15-0034","article-title":"Subjective Reports of Trouble Tolerating Sound in Daily Life versus Loudness Discomfort Levels","volume":"25","author":"TL Zaugg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-17-0008","article-title":"Factors Associated With Depression in Patients With Tinnitus and Hyperacusis","volume":"26","author":"H Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324726.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1159\/000067570","article-title":"Psychometric normalization of a hyperacusis questionnaire","volume":"64","author":"S Khalfa","year":"2002","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0324726.ref026","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus","author":"P Martinez-Devesa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.01.001","article-title":"Cognitive behaviour therapy for hyperacusis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"L J\u00fcris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"9830","key":"pone.0324726.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60469-3","article-title":"Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"379","author":"RFF Cima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23127","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for misophonia: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"IJ Jager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.017","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in misophonia: An open trial","volume":"217","author":"AE Schr\u00f6der","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref031","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy in management of hyperacusis: a narrative review and clinical implementation","volume":"25","author":"H Aazh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auditory Vestib Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJA-19-0045","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Perspectives About the Acceptability and Effectiveness of Audiologist-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus and\/or Hyperacusis Rehabilitation","volume":"28","author":"H Aazh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324726.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2018.1431405","article-title":"Proportion and characteristics of patients who were offered, enrolled in and completed audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus and hyperacusis rehabilitation in a specialist UK clinic","volume":"57","author":"H Aazh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-17-0096","article-title":"Effectiveness of Audiologist-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Rehabilitation: Outcomes for Patients Treated in Routine Practice","volume":"27","author":"H Aazh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324726.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17.2.4","article-title":"Outcomes of clinical trial: tinnitus masking versus tinnitus retraining therapy","volume":"17","author":"JA Henry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324726.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1375\/audi.24.2.74.31105","article-title":"Decreased Sound Tolerance and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)","volume":"24","author":"MM Jastreboff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324726.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748042","article-title":"Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) as a method for treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis patients","volume":"11","author":"PJ Jastreboff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0324726.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372527","article-title":"Treatments for Decreased Sound Tolerance (Hyperacusis and Misophonia)","volume":"35","author":"M Jastreboff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Hear"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJA-13-0037","article-title":"A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part II. Measurement, mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"23","author":"M Pienkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref040","first-page":"647","article-title":"Tinnitus and hyperacusis.","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical audiology","author":"R Tyler","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324726.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18027","article-title":"Tinnitus Sound Therapy Trial Shows Effectiveness for Those with Tinnitus","volume":"31","author":"RS Tyler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref042","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the misophonia impact questionnaire (MIQ) using a clinical population of patients seeking help for tinnitus, hyperacusis and\/or misophonia","author":"H Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324726.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302837","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Tinnitus Impact Questionnaire using data from patients seeking help for tinnitus alone or tinnitus combined with hyperacusis","volume":"19","author":"H Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref044","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the hyperacusis impact questionnaire, sound sensitivity symptoms questionnaire, and screening for anxiety and depression in tinnitus, including preliminary analyses of the parent versions for use with children","author":"H Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199231881.001.0001","volume-title":"Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use","author":"DL Streiner","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/76.4.359","article-title":"Defining the minimum level of detectable change for the Roland-Morris questionnaire","volume":"76","author":"PW Stratford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref047","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures","volume":"8","author":"K Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol Res"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324726.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324726.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","article-title":"Use Omega Rather than Cronbach\u2019s Alpha for Estimating Reliability. But\u2026","volume":"14","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication Methods and Measures"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203841624","volume-title":"Introduction to psychometric theory","author":"T Raykov","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref052","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324726.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1780-4002","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire (HIQ) and Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire (SSSQ) Using a Clinical Population of Adult Patients with Tinnitus Alone or Combined with Hyperacusis","volume":"33","author":"H Aazh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref054","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the tinnitus impact questionnaire using a clinical population of adult patients with tinnitus alone or combined with hyperacusis","author":"H Aazh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1108\/RAUSP-05-2019-0098","article-title":"Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: fundamental and practical aspects","volume":"54","author":"Jr Hair JF","year":"2019","journal-title":"RAUSP"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324726.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477","article-title":"Bifactor models and rotations: exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores","volume":"92","author":"SP Reise","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324726.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2013.799067","article-title":"A Tutorial on Interpreting Bifactor Model Scores","volume":"13","author":"CE DeMars","year":"2013","journal-title":"International J Testing"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0324726.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1765-4","article-title":"COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures","volume":"27","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0324726.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-54","article-title":"Minimal changes in health status questionnaires: distinction between minimally detectable change and minimally important change","volume":"4","author":"HC de Vet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T17:41:48Z","timestamp":1749145308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324726"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Prashanth","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}