{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T04:07:26Z","timestamp":1748923646098,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions affected the screening of sexually transmitted infections. We investigated the incidence of HIV infection during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with incidence in the pre-pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this observational study, we analyzed HIV surveillance data for all age-groups from 25 geographically diverse regions in Peru from Jan 1, 2015 to Dec 31, 2022. HIV incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021, and 2022) was compared with pre-pandemic rates (2015\u201319).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, there were 65,166 new cases of HIV infection from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022. HIV incidence risk ratio (IRR) was 26% lower in 2020 (IRR\u2009=\u20090.74; 95% CI, 0.71\u20130.76), 5% higher in 2021 (IRR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.08) and 16% higher in 2022 (IRR\u2009=\u20091.16; CI, 1.13\u20131.20), compared with the pre-pandemic period. Furthermore, compared with the pre-pandemic period, the annual incidence of HIV among men was 29% lower in 2020 (IRR\u2009=\u20090.71; 95% CI, 0.68\u20130.73), 4% higher in 2021 (IRR\u2009=\u20091.04, 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.08) and 10% higher in 2022 (IRR\u2009=\u20091.10; 95% CI, 1.06\u20131.14). In the age-stratified analysis, the annual HIV incidence in 2020 was 21 and 33% lower for those aged 18\u201329 (IRR\u2009=\u20090.79; 95% CI, 0.75\u20130.83) and 30\u201359 (IRR\u2009=\u20090.67; 95% CI, 0.64\u20130.70), respectively, compared with the pre-pandemic period. Finally, annual HIV incidence has decreased in 11 out of 25 regions in 2020, compared with the pre-pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the incidence of HIV infection in the population of Peru decreased. However, this incidence began to return to pre-pandemic rates in 2021, coinciding with the easing or elimination of non-pharmaceutical interventions. By 2022, the incidence of HIV infection was higher than in the pre-pandemic period, especially in regions of the Peruvian Amazon.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:33:36Z","timestamp":1748885616000},"page":"e0324784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in HIV incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020\u201322) compared with the pre-pandemic period (2015\u201319) in Peru: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-6746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Max Carlos","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-7820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hugo","family":"Arroyo-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324784.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01872-8","article-title":"The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission across 130 countries and territories","volume":"19","author":"CMMID COVID-19 Working Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324784.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18980-2","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions in containing COVID-19 pandemic after the roll-out of 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