{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:13:53Z","timestamp":1791414833962,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"FCDO","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["301132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over the last two decades, Nepal has experienced substantial urbanization, with an increasing number of people choosing to move to cities. Although cities offer a wealth of opportunities, it also provides significant challenges. Many of those migrating to and living in cities contend with poor conditions and live in poverty. Defining and measuring urban deprivation is challenging due to its multi-dimensional nature, encompassing various dimensions such as housing, employment, living expenses, education, healthcare, and other unique challenges associated with city life. This study draws on the \u2018Domains of Urban Deprivation Framework\u2019 and evaluates the availability, commonness, and applicability of these domains. It measures multiple urban deprivation indices relevant to the context of Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The research will commence with a review of the availability of data covering the urban domains listed in the Urban Deprivation Framework within routine data collected in Nepal at the province, district, and municipal levels. This will involve examining existing datasets and identifying any gaps or limitations in the data that could impact the construction of the local urban deprivation indices. To understand the commonness of different urban deprivation within different urban contexts in Nepal, a Delphi survey will be conducted in two municipalities and nationally with government policymakers, community representatives, data experts\/researchers, and civil society actors. In the three urban contexts, stakeholders will prioritize and weigh the indicators according to their respective urban contexts and rank domains that reflects the priorities across different geographical areas and stakeholder communities. We will compare responses across these groups of stakeholders and explore contextual differences. The composite score for each domain will be calculated by summing the weighted scores of all indices and normalizing the results to ensure that they fall within a defined range. We will then plot the deprivation indices in urban areas at the provincial, district, and municipal levels. The urban deprivation index in Nepal will provide granular data that will enable policymakers and stakeholders to explore the urban deprivation index visually and access key insights for informed decision-making and resource allocation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec018\">\n<jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council (Reference number: 213\/2024) and the School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee at the University of Leeds, UK. The findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T17:45:28Z","timestamp":1749663928000},"page":"e0324837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study protocol for developing an urban deprivation index in Nepal: Data review, measurement, visualization and real-world application in urban poverty alleviation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-8588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sampurna","family":"Kakchapati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9885-7479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sitashma","family":"Mainali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemia Teixeira","family":"de Siqueira-Filha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Elsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Paul","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Sehrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-4576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahidul","family":"Quayyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassey","family":"Ebenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil Chandra","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324837.ref001"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref002"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref003","first-page":"1","author":"UN-Habitat","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324837.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3126\/craiaj.v6i1.55367","article-title":"Urbanization trend in Nepal","volume":"6","author":"DR Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp Res An Interdiscip Acad J"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref005"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan B, Sharma P, Pradhan PK. Urban growth and environment and health hazards in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. 2020;293\u2013324.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1205-6_17"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324837.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-022-00050-4","article-title":"Lessons from nine urban areas using data to drive local sustainable development","volume":"2","author":"G Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Urban Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324837.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/19463138.2023.2226099","article-title":"Pathways to urban equality through the sustainable development goals: modes of extreme poverty, resilience, and prosperity","volume":"15","author":"A Lavell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Urban Sustain Dev"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref009","first-page":"173","author":"H Vaidya","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2005.10.005","article-title":"Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability","volume":"28","author":"B Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101770","article-title":"Domains of deprivation framework for mapping slums, informal settlements, and other deprived areas in LMICs to improve urban planning and policy: A scoping review","volume":"93","author":"A Abascal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324837.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0046-9","article-title":"Addressing inequities in urban health: do decision-makers have the data they need? report from the urban health data special session at International Conference on urban health dhaka 2015","volume":"93","author":"H Elsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urban Health [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0324837.ref013","unstructured":"Lucci P, Bhatkal T. 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