{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:05:31Z","timestamp":1790039131004,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The fall armyworm,\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is one of the major destructive pests of agriculture in Pakistan. The widespread use of insecticides for the management of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    has resulted in the field-evolved resistance to insecticides in different strains worldwide. However, field-evolved resistance to insecticides has not yet been reported in\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Pakistan. Following reports of control failure of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Punjab, Pakistan, a study was planned to investigate resistance to insecticides from different classes in field strains of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    to confirm whether the resistance was indeed evolving. Here, we explored resistance to spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, diflubenzuron, methoxyfenozide, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in seven field strains and compared them with a laboratory susceptible reference (Lab-SF) strain of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Compared with the Lab-SF strain at the LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels, the field strains exhibited 24.8\u2013142.7 (spinetoram), 33.4\u201391.4 (emamectin benzoate), 30.1\u201390.6 (indoxacarb), 16.1\u201338.4 (diflubenzuron), 18.4\u201351.8 (methoxyfenozide), 37.1\u2013222.9 (chlorpyrifos), and 61.9\u2013540.6 (cypermethrin) fold resistance ratios (RRs). In the presence of detoxification enzyme inhibitors [piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF)], the toxicity of all the insecticides, with the exception of spinetoram, was significantly enhanced in the tested field strains of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing insight into the metabolic mechanism of resistance. Additionally, compared with the Lab-SF strain, the resistant field strains exhibited elevated activities of detoxification enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases (GST), carboxylesterases (CarE) and mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Overall, the findings of the present study provide robust evidence of field-evolved resistance to insecticides in\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which needs to be managed to minimize yield losses of different crops caused by this global pest.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T13:34:52Z","timestamp":1749562492000},"page":"e0324857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["First report of field-evolved resistance to insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-4750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hafiz Azhar Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4113-6137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ansar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0324857.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-023-00181-3","article-title":"Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana","volume":"4","author":"JA Tambo","year":"2023","journal-title":"CABI Agricul Biosci"},{"key":"pone.0324857.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2021.104248","article-title":"Potential trade-offs between reproduction and migratory flight in Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"132","author":"S Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0324857.ref003","first-page":"160","article-title":"The fall armyworm and larger grain borer pest invasions in Africa: drivers, impacts and implications for food systems","volume":"13","author":"S Mlambo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0324857.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0286","article-title":"Host Plants ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas","volume":"26","author":"DG Montezano","year":"2018","journal-title":"African Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0324857.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.2307\/3494530","article-title":"The whorlworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Central America and neighboring areas","volume":"63","author":"KL Andrews","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Florida Entomologist"},{"key":"pone.0324857.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400022591","article-title":"Migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"8","author":"SJ Johnson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0324857.ref007","first-page":"39","article-title":"Seasonal Periodicity of Fall Armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Caribbean Basin and Northward to Canada","volume":"26","author":"ER Mitchell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Entomol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0324857.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249042","article-title":"Bioecology of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. 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