{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:37:30Z","timestamp":1793194650680,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant: BE 5748\/7-1 | BO 2494\/7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant: BE 5748\/7-1 | BO 2494\/7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cocody-Bingerville, southeastern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, a traditional focus of yellow fever (YF), has faced outbreaks of dengue (DEN) that caused 4,371 cases and 29 deaths from 2023\u20132024. However, local\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector studies and arboviral outbreak responses have mostly focused on urban neighborhoods including intra-urban villages, but no prior research has been done in peripheral villages. We compared\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      indices, container productivity, and DEN and YF epidemic risks between peri-urban and intra-urban villages during the outbreaks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From August 2023 to July 2024, we sampled\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs, larvae and pupae among three peri-urban and three intra-urban villages. Sampling was done in domestic and peridomestic ecozones of 100 households in each village per survey, and uniformly across four climatic seasons: short dry, short rainy, long dry, and long rainy seasons. We compared\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      container productivity,\n                      <jats:italic>Stegomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      indices (house index: HI, container index: CI, and Breteau index: BI) and pupal indices (pupae per house index: PHI, pupae per container index: PCI, and pupae per person index: PPI) across villages, ecozones and seasons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      widely dominated\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      fauna in both peri-urban (98.1%) and intra-urban (99.8%) villages. The most productive containers were small containers (31.1%), tires (30.5%) and medium containers (20.1%) in the peri-urban villages, and tires (64.6%) and small containers (18.7%) in the intra-urban villages that yielded over 80% of all the pupae collected in each village type. These key containers produced substantially more pupae in the domestic ecozones (70.9%) in the peri-urban villages, but equitably between the domestic (48.8%) and peridomestic (51.2%) ecozones in the intra-urban villages. In all villages, key containers provided over 80% of pupae sampled during short dry and long rainy seasons. CI, HI and BI were comparable between the peri-urban (29.9%, 35.9% and 41.4) and intra-urban (36.7%, 48.0% and 56.2) villages. However, PCI (3.38\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 1.26 pupae\/container), PHI (5.18\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.75 pupae\/house) and PPI (1.25\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 0.54 pupae\/person) values were, respectively, 2.7, 3.0 and 2.3-fold higher in the intra-urban compared to peri-urban villages. Lower pupal indices in the intra-urban villages were compensated by five additional\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector species. All indices were correlated to rainfall in all villages, with correlation coefficients varying from 0.16 to 0.84.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Cocody-Bingerville, all sampled peri-urban and intra-urban villages hosted high densities of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      immatures and habitats (tires, small or medium containers).\n                      <jats:italic>Stegomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      indices remained consistently high, exceeding WHO DEN and YF epidemic thresholds in all villages, potentially contributing to ongoing DEN outbreaks.\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector surveillance and outbreak responses should be extended to peri-urban villages, as they are likely contributors to arbovirus persistence and reintroduction. This is the first study to directly compare\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      indices across peri-urban and intra-urban settings during an arboviral outbreak and offers a baseline for strategically reducing human exposure. Community-led interventions (larval source reduction, larviciding, public awareness) targeting identified larval habitats could help control arboviral outbreaks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:28:13Z","timestamp":1777570093000},"page":"e0324893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Patterns of Aedes aegypti immature ecology and arboviral epidemic risks in peri-urban and intra-urban villages of Cocody-Bingerville, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Insights from a dengue outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yasmine N.","family":"Bir\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-4309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien Z. 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