{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:54:19Z","timestamp":1781200459729,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fleming Fund","award":["SEQAFRICA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEQAFRICA"]}]},{"name":"Fleming Fund","award":["SEQAFRICA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEQAFRICA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-036234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> is a bacterial foodborne pathogen that can infect humans and animals. Proper control of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> requires routine surveillance and interventions across the food-production chain. However, due to limited resources the epidemiology and transmission of non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serotypes remain poorly understood in several African settings, including within Ghana. Here, we employed bacterial culture and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> isolates from beef, cattle blood and human patient stool in Greater Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Enrichment and culture of the specimens yielded 62 isolates in total from beef (31), bovine blood (28) and human diarrhoeal specimens (3). We identified at least 15 STs and 18 different <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars. The most frequently detected serovars were Poona (n\u2009=\u200913), Montevideo (n\u2009=\u200910) and Poano (n\u2009=\u20097) with <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Montevideo being the most common from cattle blood. Thirty-two (52%) isolates belonged to novel sequence types (STs), with ST2609 (n\u2009=\u20099) being most common. Four raw beef isolates harboured at least one gene conferring resistance to beta-lactam (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>), chloramphenicol (<jats:italic>catA<\/jats:italic>), fosfomycin (<jats:italic>fosA7<\/jats:italic>), quinolone (<jats:italic>qnrD1<\/jats:italic>) or tetracycline (<jats:italic>tet(A)<\/jats:italic>). Eight isolates carried IncF, IncI and\/or Col3M plasmid replicons. This study recovered <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, often belonging to previously undocumented STs, at high frequencies from cattle and beef and demonstrated that isolates from human diarrhoeal patients are closely related to bovine isolates. The data highlight the need for broader and sustained surveillance and the urgent need for food safety interventions in Ghana.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:48:34Z","timestamp":1750268914000},"page":"e0325048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from cattle, beef and humans in the Greater Tamale Metropolis of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9667-2164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel Temitope","family":"Sunmonu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-285X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Courage Kosi Setsoafia","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-9403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erkison Ewomazino","family":"Odih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Opoku","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7146-8610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric Edem Y.","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-7753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul-Razak","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-9018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen Wilson","family":"Kpordze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-7189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olabisi C.","family":"Akinlabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-5077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anderson O.","family":"Oaikhena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Egyir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-7587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iruka N.","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325048.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520179","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/520179","article-title":"Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars","volume":"2015","author":"A Andino","year":"2015","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325048.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091756","article-title":"Human salmonellosis: a continuous global threat in the farm-to-fork food safety continuum","volume":"12","author":"AD Teklemariam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325048.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00332.x","article-title":"Salmonella\u2019s long-term relationship with its host","volume":"36","author":"T Ruby","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325048.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.06.001","article-title":"Evolution of Salmonella within hosts","volume":"26","author":"JR Tanner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0325048.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127488","article-title":"Decoding the invasive nature of a tropical pathogen of concern: the invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella strains causing host-restricted extraintestinal infections worldwide","volume":"277","author":"D Hajra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325048.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10050907","article-title":"Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices","volume":"10","author":"O Ehuwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0325048.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-19","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of salmonella serovars in animal-based foods: a meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"RG Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ 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Danecek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325048.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"L-T Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325048.ref031","first-page":"000785","article-title":"Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with human disease in the Gambia","volume":"8","author":"S Darboe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325048.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020099","article-title":"Genomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance and resistance plasmids in Salmonella serovars from poultry in Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"AH Jibril","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0325048.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106620","article-title":"Salmonella Yoruba: a rare serotype revealed through genomic sequencing along the farm-to-fork continuum of an intensive poultry farm in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"234","author":"MA Ramtahal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325048.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02303-18","article-title":"Salmonella enterica phylogeny based on whole-genome sequencing reveals two new clades and novel patterns of horizontally acquired genetic elements","volume":"9","author":"J Worley","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325048.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2562","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter spp., and Arcobacter butzleri from local and imported poultry meat in Kumasi, Ghana","volume":"16","author":"D Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0325048.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01010","article-title":"The Use of a combined bioinformatics approach to locate antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids from whole genome sequences of Salmonella enterica serovars from humans in Ghana","volume":"9","author":"E Kudirkiene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0325048.ref037","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice","volume":"280","author":"KA Cook","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325048.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.3.280","article-title":"Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars associated with a citrus-processing facility implicated in a 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genotypic diversity","volume":"7","author":"P Patchanee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0325048.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6819","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02191-14","article-title":"Diversity of Salmonella isolates from central Florida surface waters","volume":"80","author":"R McEgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0325048.ref043","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars in Buffalo meat in Egypt","volume":"11","author":"SM Abd-Elghany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325048.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12172","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles and diversity in Salmonella from humans and cattle, 2004-2011","volume":"62","author":"JA Afema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325048.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.84","article-title":"Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non-diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"4","author":"VA Amadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325048.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055432","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1055432","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic survey of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica isolates from dairy farms in Uruguay","volume":"10","author":"ML Casaux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325048.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296971","article-title":"Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"MK Aworh","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS 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