{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:57:07Z","timestamp":1773367027252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004590","name":"Central Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009123","name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Modern paediatric healthcare is increasingly dependent on diagnostic methods such as imaging and blood samples. These methods require knowledge of physiology and anatomy to separate signs of early disease development from physiological variants. To acquire this knowledge, researchers depend on studies on children from the general populations, but little is known about how children and their guardians experience participation in studies. This study aims to map the experiences of children participating in research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From a cohort of children and guardians from the general population, participating as controls in a large study on juvenile idiopathic arthritis (NorJIA), a subset was invited to share their experiences. The participants were examined using blood sampling, MRI, x-ray, bone-density scan, anthropometric measurements, and questionnaires. A questionnaire of 26 questions regarding their experiences from the study was sent out 2\u20134 weeks after the data collection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The questionnaire was filled out by 50 children and 50 guardians. A large majority of the children responded that they were positive to help researchers, that blood sample procedures and imaging procedures went well, that they would participate in the study again, and would recommend their friends to take part in similar studies. Guardians generally responded positively, but there were diverging responses between children and guardians.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec018\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Children from the general population reported mainly positive experiences from participation in research, including imaging and blood sampling. The experiences of the children and their guardians are sometimes diverging, underpinning the importance of addressing the child\u2019s opinions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T17:31:29Z","timestamp":1748971889000},"page":"e0325069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Children as controls in research; The voice of the volunteer"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-8490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oskar W.","family":"Angenete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Haustreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth K.","family":"Aune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Lundestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Cetrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Angell","family":"Augdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen Berit","family":"Nordal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjersti","family":"Gr\u00f8nning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marite","family":"Rygg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325069.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12339","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2024.12339","article-title":"The role and limitations of the reference interval within clinical chemistry and its reliability for disease detection","volume":"81","author":"NE Timbrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325069.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2022.10.007","article-title":"Age- and ethnicity-related reference intervals for serum vitamin B12","volume":"111","author":"A Sobczy\u0144ska-Malefora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325069.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-019-04406-4","article-title":"European Society of Paediatric Radiology 2019 strategic research agenda: improving imaging for tomorrow\u2019s children","volume":"49","author":"OJ Arthurs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0325069.ref004","volume-title":"Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease","author":"MW Anderson","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0325069.ref005","volume-title":"An atlas of normal developmental roentgen anatomy","author":"TE Keats","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325069.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17263","article-title":"Joint fluid, bone marrow edemalike changes, and ganglion cysts in the pediatric wrist: features that may mimic pathologic abnormalities-follow-up of a healthy cohort","volume":"208","author":"DFM Avenarius","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"pone.0325069.ref007","article-title":"Whole-body MRI in children aged 6-18 years reliability of identifying and grading high signal intensity changes within bone marrow","author":"P Zadig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0325069.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2022.110425","article-title":"Whole body magnetic resonance imaging in healthy children and adolescents. 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