{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T04:07:03Z","timestamp":1748923623953,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015900","name":"OVC Pet Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["053520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["053520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Studies assessing the impact of surgery on the canine gut microbiota are limited. This study assessed the fecal microbiota before and up to 3 months after elective orthopedic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Fourteen client-owned dogs &gt;1 year of age undergoing elective orthopedic surgery were recruited. Dogs received perioperative antibiotics only (perioperative cefazolin, n\u2009=\u20097) or were discharged with oral cephalexin following surgery for 5\u20137 days (n\u2009=\u20097) in conjunction with perioperative antibiotics. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at recheck 1 (13\u201350 days post-operatively) and recheck 2 (55\u201390 days post-operatively). The fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing. Alpha diversity was assessed with the Sobs Index, Shannon Diversity Index, and Inverse Simpson Index, whereas beta diversity was assessed with the Bray-Curtis Index and Jaccard Index.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the perioperative and post-operative antibiotic groups, the Inverse Simpson and Shannon Diversity Index differed between baseline and recheck 1 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), baseline and recheck 2 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but not between recheck 1 and recheck 2 (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The Sobs Index was only significantly different between baseline and recheck 1 (p\u2009=\u20090.02) in both groups. The Bray-Curtis and Jaccard Index were significantly different at rechecks 1 and 2 compared to baseline (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) in the post-operative antibiotic group but not in dogs that received only perioperative antibiotics. Both the Bray Curtis and Jaccard Index were significantly different between the antibiotic prescription types (p\u2009=\u20090.001) although measures of alpha diversity were not (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alterations in community structure, richness, and diversity were identified in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, with many changes persisting at least 2\u20133 months post-operatively in dogs receiving perioperative and\/or post-operative antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:29:32Z","timestamp":1748885372000},"page":"e0325163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing changes to the fecal microbiota in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery: A preliminary investigation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-5747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison J.","family":"Collier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"MacIver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adronie","family":"Verbrugghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shauna L.","family":"Blois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325163.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3661-6.00002-X","volume-title":"Canine and Feline Gastroenterology. Sect Biology Gastrointest Tract Pancreas Liver","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325163.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127259","article-title":"Characterization of microbial dysbiosis and metabolomic changes in dogs with acute diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"BC Guard","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref003","article-title":"Analysis of the gut microbiome in dogs and cats","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0325163.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103826","article-title":"Role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in small animal health and disease","volume":"181","author":"A Redfern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325163.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14875","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiome: a review","volume":"32","author":"PC Barko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325163.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix136","article-title":"A dysbiosis index to assess microbial changes in fecal samples of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy","volume":"93","author":"MK AlShawaqfeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325163.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12455","article-title":"Association of obesity with serum leptin, adiponectin, and serotonin and gut microflora in beagle dogs","volume":"29","author":"H-J Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref008","unstructured":"Pilla R, Guard M, Unterer S, Allenspach K, Toresson L, Grellet A, et al. Chronic enteropathy has bigger impact than diet or country of residence on canine fecal dysbiosis [Abstract]. ACVIM Forum On Demand [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15904"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325163.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000481401","article-title":"Gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"2","author":"CN Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Intest Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325163.ref010","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human systemic lupus erythematosus and a mouse model of lupus","volume":"84","author":"XM Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28484","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28484","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325163.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312132","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disruption during human endotoxemia: a randomised controlled study","volume":"66","author":"JM Lankelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325163.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15775","article-title":"Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea","volume":"34","author":"M Werner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325163.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107909","article-title":"Effect of oral administration of metronidazole or prednisolone on fecal microbiota in dogs","volume":"9","author":"H Igarashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7698","key":"pone.0325163.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25979","article-title":"Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria","volume":"555","author":"L Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325163.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01331.x","article-title":"Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of healthy dogs","volume":"80","author":"J GarciaMazcorro","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00079","article-title":"Omeprazole minimally alters the fecal microbial community in six cats: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"SM Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325163.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15674","article-title":"Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in urinary Escherichia coli antibiograms of cats and dogs from the Midwestern United States","volume":"34","author":"K KuKanich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325163.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12862","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin-clavulanate versus amoxicillin-clavulanate alone in canine haemorrhagic diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial in primary care practice","volume":"59","author":"V Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325163.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112099","article-title":"Current insights: the impact of gut microbiota on postoperative complications in visceral surgery-a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"A-K Lederer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325163.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.11.016","article-title":"Exercise has the guts: how physical activity may positively modulate gut microbiota in chronic and immune-based diseases","volume":"50","author":"R Codella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325163.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2270-x","article-title":"Significant changes in the intestinal environment after surgery in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"17","author":"S Ohigashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325163.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.03.015","article-title":"Perioperative synbiotic therapy in elderly patients undergoing gastroenterological surgery: a prospective, randomized control trial","volume":"29","author":"M Okazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325163.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.02.021","article-title":"Impact of perioperative administration of synbiotics in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325163.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.05.016","article-title":"Osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus is reduced in germ-free mice","volume":"26","author":"V Ulici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325163.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031203","article-title":"Bone remodeling and the microbiome","volume":"8","author":"R Pacifici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2021.100290","article-title":"Musculoskeletal microbiology: the microbiome in orthopaedic biomechanics","volume":"19","author":"CJ Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325163.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005489","article-title":"Orthopedic surgery causes gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction in prodromal Alzheimer disease patients","volume":"276","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325163.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13436","article-title":"Contributing factors to surgical site infection after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: a follow\u2010up retrospective study","volume":"49","author":"C Hagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0325163.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"JJ Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0325163.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref032","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"RCT","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325163.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz458","article-title":"Impact of oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid treatment on bacterial diversity and \u03b2-lactam resistance in the canine faecal microbiota","volume":"75","author":"C Espinosa-Gongora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325163.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15871","article-title":"Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs","volume":"34","author":"R Pilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325163.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15635","article-title":"Long-term impact of tylosin on fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs","volume":"33","author":"AC Manchester","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-210","article-title":"The effect of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin on microbial diversity in the canine small intestine as demonstrated by massive parallel 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"9","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325163.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47387-0","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota of critically ill patients","volume":"57","author":"G Iapichino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325163.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12081013","article-title":"Effects of intravenous antimicrobial drugs on the equine fecal microbiome","volume":"12","author":"RS Liepman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325163.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16853","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of oral administration of antimicrobial drugs on fecal microbiota of horses","volume":"37","author":"D Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0325163.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281951","article-title":"The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota-gut-brain axis perspective","volume":"601","author":"S-J Leigh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831972","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3831972","article-title":"Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects","volume":"2017","author":"V Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325163.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00808.x","article-title":"Changes in fecal microbiota of healthy dogs administered amoxicillin","volume":"71","author":"AR Gr\u00f8nvold","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325163.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0238-1","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome perturbations are associated with significant alterations to colonic mucosal immunity in rhesus macaques","volume":"13","author":"J Manuzak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0325163.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105929","article-title":"Effects of antimicrobials on the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs and cats","volume":"291","author":"EM Stavroulaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325163.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103315","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis damages the intestinal barrier, increasing food allergy in adult mice","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325163.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1760719","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome on the development of surgical site infections","volume":"36","author":"MA Krezalek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325163.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07000-7","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis associated with antibiotics and disease severity and its relation to mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"67","author":"M Ojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1748885381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325163"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Juan J","family":"Loor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}}}