{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:11:45Z","timestamp":1792411905253,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite Garlic\u2019s (<jats:italic>Allium. sativum<\/jats:italic>) long-standing reputation for therapeutic properties, comprehensive studies on Tunisian garlic are lacking. This study aims to evaluate different Tunisian <jats:italic>A. sativum<\/jats:italic> extracts rich in bioactive compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and vitamins), exploring their potential bioactivities (antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxic). <jats:italic>A. sativum<\/jats:italic> samples underwent hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water-based extractions. LC-MS quantification assessed bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined via the DPPH assay, antifungal effects were evaluated against <jats:italic>Aspergillus spp<\/jats:italic>., and cytotoxic effects were assessed using the MTT assay on <jats:italic>U266<\/jats:italic> human multiple myeloma and <jats:italic>MDA-MB-231<\/jats:italic> metastatic breast cancer cell lines. The aqueous extract exhibited the highest phenolic acid content (96.25\u2009mg\/kg fw) and the most water-soluble vitamins (14.69\u2009mg\/kg fw). In contrast, the methanol extract was richest in flavonoids, while the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of fat-soluble vitamins (20.21\u2009mg\/kg fw). Both aqueous and methanolic extracts demonstrated potent antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract exhibited the strongest antifungal activity (MIC: 1.5\u2009mg\/mL for <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> and 3\u2009mg\/mL for <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>). Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed remarkable cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, indicating its potential as an effective agent against metastatic breast cancer and refractory multiple myeloma. <jats:italic>A. sativum<\/jats:italic> emerges as a functional food source with antioxidant, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities, particularly against multiple myeloma. While this study provides a strong foundation for further exploration, additional research is needed to identify active compounds, elucidate mechanisms, and assess therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T17:36:21Z","timestamp":1749490581000},"page":"e0325227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["LC-MS profiling and antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer potentials of Tunisian Allium sativum L. extracts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-702X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ridha","family":"Ghali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7334-7692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Limam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Kassrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Araoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezzedine","family":"Nouiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Ben-Aissa","family":"Fennira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-6083","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrazak","family":"Hedilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325227.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101033","article-title":"Food-derived polyphenol compounds and cardiovascular health: a nano-technological perspective","volume":"41","author":"G Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325227.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.11.014","article-title":"Prediagnosis food patterns are associated with length of survival from epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"110","author":"TA Dolecek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0325227.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15650","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"327","author":"EA O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325227.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113914","article-title":"Vitamins as possible cancer biomarkers: significance and limitations","volume":"13","author":"S Venturelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325227.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23090","article-title":"Hydromethanolic root and aerial part extracts from Echium arenarium Guss suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells through mitochondrial pathway","volume":"36","author":"I Limam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0325227.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2020.101145","article-title":"Olea europaea L. cv. 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