{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:54:36Z","timestamp":1790477676274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Individuals undergoing lung resections experience persistent postoperative pain and are at high risk of chronic postoperative opioid use. This study aims to identify factors associated with chronic opioid use after minimally invasive lung resections (MILR).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study of individuals who underwent MILR from March 2019 to May 2022 at a single academic institution. The primary outcome was chronic opioid usage, defined as use at least 30 days after surgery. Postoperative pain was managed with a standardized multi-modal pain-control regimen utilizing opioids only as needed. Prescription patterns and dispensing data of opioids at 30-, 60-, and 90-days postoperatively informed usage. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regressions (MVLR) were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>376 patients were included, 38.6% male, 88.8% white, and a mean age of 64.6 years. A total of 248 (66%) underwent anatomical lung resections. 16.5% used opioids at 30 days, 10.1% at 60 days, and 8.5% at 90 days. In the multivariable model, morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) of opioids on the day before discharge showed a statistically significant association with chronic opioid usage. Age, sex, length of stay, and surgery type were not associated. A 10-unit increase in MMEs increased odds of use at 30-days by 21% (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.11\u20131.32, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 20% at 60-days (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.09 1.32, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 18% at 90-days (OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.06\u20131.30, p\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Higher pre-discharge MMEs are associated with an increased likelihood of chronic opioid usage. Future studies should focus on whether preemptive early outpatient intercostal nerve blocks or cryoablations can decrease chronic narcotic usage in high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T17:45:12Z","timestamp":1749577512000},"page":"e0325354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Factors associated with chronic opioid use after minimally invasive lung 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