{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:02:13Z","timestamp":1767891733056,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Excellence Cluster for Precision Medicine in Chronic inflammation","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"German Excellence Cluster for Precision Medicine in Chronic inflammation","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"German Excellence Cluster for Precision Medicine in Chronic inflammation","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"German Excellence Cluster for Precision Medicine in Chronic inflammation","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"German Center of Infection Research","award":["TTU-TB 02.709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU-TB 02.709"]}]},{"name":"German Center of Infection Research","award":["TTU-TB 02.709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU-TB 02.709"]}]},{"name":"Leibniz Science Campus Evolutionary Medicine of the LUNG","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010564","name":"German Center for Lung Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pathogenic mycobacteria, such as <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> complex (Mtbc), and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) can cause severe chronic pulmonary infections. However, not all infected patients develop active disease, and it remains unclear whether key lung microbiome taxa play a role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and NTM lung diseases (LD). Here, we aim to further define the lung microbiome composition in TB, and NTM-LD prior to the initiation of therapy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the baseline microbiome in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients diagnosed with TB (n\u2009=\u200923), NTM-LD (n\u2009=\u200919), or non-infectious inflammatory disease (n\u2009=\u20094). We applied depletion of human cells, removal of extracellular DNA, implementation of a decontamination strategy, and exploratory whole-metagenome sequencing (WMS) of selected specimens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Genera <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic> and unclassified <jats:italic>Yersiniaceae<\/jats:italic> dominated the lung microbiome of most patients with a mean relative abundance of &gt;15% and &gt;70%, respectively. However, at the sub-genus level, as determined by amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), TB-patients exhibited increased community diversity, and distinct signatures of ASV_7, ASV_21 abundances which resulted in a significant association with disease state. Exploratory WMS, and ASV similarity analyses suggested the presence of <jats:italic>Serratia liquefaciens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Serratia grimesii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Serratia myotis<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>Serratia quinivorans<\/jats:italic> in TB and NTM-LD patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The lung microbiome of TB-patients harbored a distinct, and heterogenous structure, with specific occurrences of certain <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic> traits. Some of these traits may play a role in understanding the microbial interactions in the lung microbiome of patients infected with Mtbc.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T17:22:37Z","timestamp":1750958557000},"page":"e0325362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serratia sp. traits distinguish the lung microbiome of patients with tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2939-4862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meriem","family":"Belheouane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kalsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karoline I.","family":"Gaede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Heyckendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1386-2331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Merker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325362.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325362.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201772","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis","volume":"68","author":"C Andr\u00e9jak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325362.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1546751","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"36","author":"IK Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325362.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30501-0","article-title":"The microbiome and tuberculosis: state of the art, potential applications, and defining the clinical research agenda","volume":"7","author":"CC Naidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237998","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1237998","article-title":"The microbiome and the gut-lung axis in tuberculosis: interplay in the course of disease and treatment","volume":"14","author":"N Alvarado-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209932","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1209932","article-title":"Impact of the gut-lung axis on tuberculosis susceptibility and progression","volume":"14","author":"A Enjeti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02652-7","article-title":"Causal relationship between gut microbiota and tuberculosis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"25","author":"Z Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325362.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042786","article-title":"Assessing bacterial populations in the lung by replicate analysis of samples from the upper and lower respiratory tracts","volume":"7","author":"ES Charlson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325362.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004923","article-title":"The lung microbiome: new principles for respiratory bacteriology in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1021-1","article-title":"Characterizing human lung tissue microbiota and its relationship to epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"17","author":"G Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02287-16","article-title":"Bacterial Topography of the Healthy Human Lower Respiratory Tract","volume":"8","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.08.022","article-title":"Diminishing microbiome richness and distinction in the lower respiratory tract of lung cancer patients: A multiple comparative study design with independent validation","volume":"136","author":"J Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0755-x","article-title":"Microbiota analysis optimization for human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"7","author":"PHH Schneeberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325362.ref014","first-page":"344","article-title":"Recommendations for quality standards in bronchoscopy","volume":"58","author":"K H\u00e4ussinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RKI. Anforderungen an die Hygiene bei der Aufbereitung flexibler Endoskope und endoskopischen Zusatzinstrumentariums Empfehlung der Kommission f\u00fcr Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionspr\u00e4vention beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Bundesgesundheitsbl - Gesundheitsforsch - Gesundheitsschutz 45 2002;: 395\u2013411.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-002-0395-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325362.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref017","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325362.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1823.1","article-title":"Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference","volume":"90","author":"M De C\u00e1ceres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref019","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref020","first-page":"4883","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons characterizes bacterial composition in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"X-J Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325362.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2022.06.014","article-title":"Comparative study of bacterial flora in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of pneumonia patients based on their pneumonia subtypes and comorbidities using 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis","volume":"28","author":"K Nemoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83524-2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the alveolar microbiome in COPD, ECOPD, Sarcoidosis, and ILD patients to identify respiratory illnesses specific microbial signatures","volume":"11","author":"S Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04068-z","article-title":"Composition and diversity analysis of the lung microbiome in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"D Fenn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325362.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047305","article-title":"The lung microbiome in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"AA Pragman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0512-5","article-title":"The lung microbiome in patients with pneumocystosis","volume":"17","author":"J Kehrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01413","article-title":"Respiratory microbiome profiling for etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"9","author":"GD Kitsios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325362.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.01.104","article-title":"Lower airway bacterial microbiome may influence recurrence after resection of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"161","author":"SK Patnaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325362.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000501","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Gram Stains for Early Bacterial Identification in Pneumonia: Should They Stay or Should They Go?","volume":"3","author":"CV Klimko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325362.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00595","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00595-2021","article-title":"Multiplex bacterial PCR in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of non-intubated patients with suspected pulmonary infection: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"8","author":"A Salina","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325362.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0274OC","article-title":"Lung Microbiota of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 Are Associated with Nonresolving Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"206","author":"RFJ Kullberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref031","first-page":"5466853","article-title":"Intratumoral Microbiota Impacts the First-Line Treatment Efficacy and Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Free of Lung Infection","volume":"2022","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325362.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-1614-0","article-title":"Distinct lung microbial community states in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325362.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153876","article-title":"Culture-Independent Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Samples","volume":"11","author":"LJ Caverly","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325362.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800810","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00810-2018","article-title":"Evaluation of the airway microbiome in nontuberculous mycobacteria disease","volume":"52","author":"I Sulaiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02698-5","article-title":"Bacteriomes in lesions of pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with status of Mycobacterium tuberculosis excretion","volume":"22","author":"W Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325362.ref036","article-title":"The lung microbiota in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"BG Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325362.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03019-9","article-title":"The Microbiota of Human Lung of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the Alteration Caused by Anti-tuberculosis Drugs","volume":"79","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01901-21","article-title":"Insights into the Unique Lung Microbiota Profile of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"10","author":"G Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref039","article-title":"Interbacterial mechanisms of colonization resistance and the strategies pathogens use to overcome them","author":"MT Sorbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104209","article-title":"Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of the Respiratory Tract","volume":"69","author":"SJ Siegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01722-y","article-title":"Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases","volume":"9","author":"R Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01239-06","article-title":"Serratia marcescens serralysin induces inflammatory responses through protease-activated receptor 2","volume":"75","author":"Y Kida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0325362.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36582","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.399667","article-title":"Serratia marcescens induces apoptotic cell death in host immune cells via a lipopolysaccharide- and flagella-dependent mechanism","volume":"287","author":"K Ishii","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325362.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06820-11","article-title":"The PhoP\/PhoQ system and its role in Serratia marcescens pathogenesis","volume":"194","author":"J Barchiesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325362.ref045","article-title":"Prevalence of Co-infection of Culture-Proven Bacterial Pathogens in Microbiologically Confirmed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients From a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"16","author":"R Bir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325362.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124194","article-title":"Correlation between Either Cupriavidus or Porphyromonas and Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Found by Analysing the Microbiota in Patients\u2019 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0325362.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00199-15","article-title":"Intraspecies Competition in Serratia marcescens Is Mediated by Type VI-Secreted Rhs Effectors and a Conserved Effector-Associated Accessory Protein","volume":"197","author":"J Alcoforado Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325362.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2020.03.004","article-title":"The contest of microbial pigeon neighbors: Interspecies competition between Serratia marcescens and the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"124","author":"L Haleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41751-3","article-title":"Rhs NADase effectors and their immunity proteins are exchangeable mediators of inter-bacterial competition in Serratia","volume":"14","author":"M Hagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325362.ref050","first-page":"2551","article-title":"Serratiochelins A and B from Serratia marcescens show xenosiderophoric characteristics towards Acinetobacter baumannii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"PM Eze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"key":"pone.0325362.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2023.07.008","article-title":"Serratiochelin D, a new siderophore from Serratia marcescens","volume":"57","author":"PM Eze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325362.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00538-21","article-title":"Viability-Resolved Metagenomics Reveals Antagonistic Colonization Dynamics of Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains on Preterm Infant Skin","volume":"6","author":"KT Hellmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325362.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0304-1","article-title":"Strain-level dissection of the contribution of the gut microbiome to human metabolic disease","volume":"8","author":"C Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325362.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao4502","article-title":"A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia","volume":"4","author":"T Nakatsuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T17:22:52Z","timestamp":1750958572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325362"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Selvakumar","family":"Subbian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325362","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}}}