{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:44:58Z","timestamp":1785242698909,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-RD010239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-RD010239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a high mutation rate that cause many human diseases, from severe COVID-19 to mild common cold. Therefore, discovering various medicines is required to reduce the symptoms of coronavirus infection. This report showed that the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of <jats:italic>Elsholtzia ciliata<\/jats:italic> (ECE) and its constituents can inhibit HCoV-OC43 (Human Coronavirus OC43) replication. HCoV-OC43, a human betacoronavirus genetically related to SARS-CoV-2, was used as a surrogate virus under BSL-2 conditions. To evaluate the antiviral properties of ECE, viral RNA levels were quantified using qRT-PCR, and viral protein expression was analyzed through Western blotting. ECE reduced coronavirus-induced plaque formation and viral RNA and protein expression in coronavirus-infected cells and conditioned media. Additionally, this was confirmed to have an inhibitory activity on virus production and improved cytopathic effects. ECE showed no cytotoxicity up to 40 \u00b5g\/mL in vitro. As <jats:italic>Elsholtzia ciliata<\/jats:italic> has traditionally been consumed as a tea, oral administration could be a suitable route for further in vivo investigation. The main components of ECE were revealed by HPLC analysis and were isolated into four single compounds <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\u2013<jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>. Among them, luteolin-7-<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucoside was effective in inhibiting the replication of coronavirus. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside demonstrated greater antiviral activity than ECE, with an estimated IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 2 \u00b5M (around 1 \u00b5g\/mL) compared to 5 \u00b5g\/mL for ECE. This finding suggests that luteolin-7-O-glucoside could be a key contributor to the antiviral activity of the ECE. Finally, these results collectively suggest that <jats:italic>Elsholtzia ciliata<\/jats:italic> can be used as a potential antiviral treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T20:01:15Z","timestamp":1748980875000},"page":"e0325371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Luteolin-7-O-glucoside from Elsholtzia ciliata extract inhibits the replication of coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Siyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chansoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woochul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayhyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-6760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325371.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020445","article-title":"Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era","volume":"11","author":"CM Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325371.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"J Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325371.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus Infections\u2014More Than Just the Common Cold","volume":"323","author":"CI Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0325371.ref004","first-page":"163","article-title":"Chapter Eight - Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses.","volume-title":"Advances in Virus Research","author":"VM Corman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325371.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122533","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a Green Tea Polyphenol, Reduces Coronavirus Replication in a Mouse Model","volume":"13","author":"R Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0325371.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.02.016","article-title":"EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, inhibits human coronavirus replication in vitro","volume":"547","author":"M Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325371.ref007","article-title":"Human Coronavirus OC43 as a Low-Risk Model to Study COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"MI Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325371.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2022.2071937","article-title":"Containing the spread of COVID-19 virus facing to its high mutation rate: approach to intervention using a nonspecific way of blocking its entry into the cells","volume":"41","author":"KV Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325371.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000003","article-title":"Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high?","volume":"16","author":"S Duffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0325371.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2022.100180","article-title":"Breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination: Insights, perspectives and challenges","volume":"14","author":"E Amanatidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0325371.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196411","article-title":"Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) 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