{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:06:15Z","timestamp":1780351575700,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020475","name":"Australian Association of Gerontology Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 Hal Kendig Research Development Program Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 Hal Kendig Research Development Program Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prisons globally face an \u2018ageing epidemic,\u2019 releasing unprecedented numbers of older adults into the community. Research highlights substantial challenges in reintegrating this underserved and marginalised group. Urgent work is needed to understand their needs and develop effective social, criminological, and public health solutions. This study aimed to create a transdisciplinary, strengths-based conceptual framework to understand and begin addressing the reintegration needs of older individuals leaving prison. Applying grounded theory to qualitative data from Australia \u2013 including interviews and workshops with stakeholders and individuals with lived experience \u2013 resulted in the development of the \u2018Place-finding\u2019 conceptual framework. Successful reintegration can be understood in terms of a journey through stages of \u201cinstitutionalisation,\u201d \u201ccrisis,\u201d \u201csurvival &amp; adjustment,\u201d and \u201cgrounding\u201d. The framework posits that incarceration produces a \u2018loss of place\u2019 in individuals, primarily through institutionalisation and disconnection from society. It argues for the consideration of the right supports at the right time for the unique needs of individuals who will vary in their levels of disconnection. It finds key concepts such as facilitating timely access to services, reconnection with society, building key literacies and healing and restoration from past experiences to be vital in this journey. This preliminary framework offers novel theoretical insights and practical implications for understanding and improving reintegration success in older adults, and is potentially applicable to individuals of various ages, incarceration length and location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:55:36Z","timestamp":1750182936000},"page":"e0325497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cPlace-finding\u201d as the key to reintegration after release from prison in older age: A transdisciplinary, holistic and strengths-based reintegration framework using grounded theory"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-3251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ye In Jane","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325497.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.5694\/mja18.00266","article-title":"The rising health, social and economic costs of Australia\u2019s ageing prisoner population","volume":"209","author":"NA Ginnivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325497.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00280","article-title":"The aging of the US prison population: a public health crisis","volume":"41","author":"JS Bor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325497.ref003","first-page":"888","article-title":"The growth of older inmate populations: how population aging explains rising age at admission","volume":"72","author":"J Luallen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14970.2","article-title":"A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update","volume":"4","author":"D Yukhnenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-11-2019-0060","article-title":"Defining an age cut-off for older offenders: a systematic review of literature","volume":"16","author":"H Merkt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref006","volume-title":"Health and ageing of Australia\u2019s prisoners","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-018-0062-9","article-title":"Older adults in jail: high rates and early onset of geriatric conditions","volume":"6","author":"M Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1286453","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders among older prisoners: a systematic review and comparison study against older people in the community","volume":"22","author":"C Di Lorito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2023","article-title":"Cognitive impairment, self-perceived health and quality of life of older prisoners","volume":"28","author":"N Combalbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crim Behav Ment Health"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref010","article-title":"Who does Australia lock up? The social determinants of justice","author":"R McCausland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Crime Justice Soc Democr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325497.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00093-7","article-title":"The prevalence of comorbid serious mental illnesses and substance use disorders in prison populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"G Baranyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325497.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320222712.10072022en","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in the prison system: a public health challenge","volume":"27","author":"RM Serra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc sa\u00fade coletiva"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx052","article-title":"Looking behind the bars: emerging health issues for people in prison","volume":"125","author":"S St\u00fcrup-Toft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325497.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00050-5","article-title":"Identifying research priorities to improve the health of incarcerated populations: results of citizens\u2019 juries in Australian prisons","volume":"6","author":"PL Simpson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnad030","article-title":"The multiple punishment of being an older adult coping with health problems in prison","volume":"64","author":"H Avieli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy186","article-title":"The prevalence of non-communicable disease in older people in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"D Munday","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325497.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft066","article-title":"Social and custodial needs of older adults in prison","volume":"42","author":"AJ Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-04-2018-0017","article-title":"Comparing health status, disability, and access to care in older and younger inmates in the New South Wales corrections system","volume":"15","author":"C Field","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0325497.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X15000331","article-title":"\u2018You can\u2019t have them in here\u2019: experiences of accessing medication among older men on entry to prison","volume":"36","author":"V Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01518","article-title":"Aging in jail: retrospective analysis of older patients in New York City\u2019s jail system, 2015\u201319","volume":"41","author":"R Bedard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325497.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002348","article-title":"Older men and older women remand prisoners: mental illness, physical illness, offending patterns and needs","volume":"27","author":"M Davoren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2021-0088","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to health and social services for older prisoners transitioning to community","volume":"18","author":"AK Hagos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2014.1000938","article-title":"\u2018Social services will not touch us with a barge pole\u2019: social care provision for older prisoners","volume":"26","author":"K O\u2019Hara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03807-3","article-title":"Lost in transition? Community residential facility staff and stakeholder perspectives on previously incarcerated older adults\u2019 transitions into long-term care","volume":"23","author":"LIL Poulin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024221141641","article-title":"Silos and rigid processes: barriers to the successful implementation of the older prisoner health and social care assessment and plan","volume":"63","author":"K Forsyth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref026","article-title":"Multi-sector stakeholder consensus on tackling the complex health and social needs of the growing population of people leaving prison in older age","author":"YI (Jane) Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref027","unstructured":"Withall A, Mantell R, Hwang YI, Ginnivan N, Baidawi S. Background paper: issues facing older people leaving prison. 2022."},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref028","unstructured":"Burke G, Prunhuber P, Phan T, Takshi S. Reducing barriers to reentry for older adults leaving incarceration. 2022."},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref029","volume-title":"Health and ageing of Australia\u2019s prisoners","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2020-0062","article-title":"The ageing prisoner population: demographic shifts in Australia and implications for the economic and social costs of health care","volume":"18","author":"NA Ginnivan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref031","unstructured":"Withall A, Mantell R, Hwang JYI, Ginnivan N, Baidawi S. Background paper: issues facing older people who are leaving prison. 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2021-0088","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to health and social services for older prisoners transitioning to community","volume":"18","author":"AK Hagos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref033","article-title":"Population ageing, incarceration and the growing digital divide: understanding the effects of digital literacy inequity experienced by older people leaving prison","volume":"19","author":"YIJ Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref034","article-title":"Building a conceptual framework: philosophy, definitions, and procedure","author":"Y Jabareen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325497.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","article-title":"Toward an experimental ecology of human development","volume":"32","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325497.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464821990511","article-title":"\u201cHe needed just about everything\u201d: caring for aging adults postincarceration","volume":"40","author":"LB Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2021-0073","article-title":"The case for transitional services and programs for older adults reentering society: a narrative review of US departments of correction and recommendations","volume":"19","author":"R Onyeali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325497.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/0734016820913101","article-title":"Psychosocial needs of released long-term incarcerated older adults","volume":"45","author":"LA Lares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crim Justice Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325497.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X16683210","article-title":"Older men\u2019s social integration after prison","volume":"62","author":"J Wyse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325497.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202200035","article-title":"Health care and behavioral service use by medicaid-enrolled adults after release from incarceration","volume":"74","author":"CP Balio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325497.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.07.004","article-title":"Increased risk of suicide attempts and unintended death among those transitioning from prison to community in later life","volume":"26","author":"LC Barry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0034644620967002","article-title":"The road home: predictors of health care utilization among older returning African American men","volume":"48","author":"MA Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Black Political Econ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325497.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1416-8","article-title":"Coming home: health status and homelessness risk of older pre-release prisoners","volume":"25","author":"BA Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref044","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with successful reintegration for male offenders: a systematic narrative review with implicit causal model","author":"G Mathlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885520939295","article-title":"What matters to formerly incarcerated men? Looking beyond recidivism as a measure of successful reintegration","volume":"100","author":"TS Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prison J"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref046","volume-title":"Rethinking reentry: a look at how risk-based approaches limit reentry success, and a case for why strengths-based approaches may better reduce recidivism","author":"J Donnelly","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101684","article-title":"Desistance frameworks","volume":"63","author":"KJ Fox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref048","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Grounded theory. Analysing qualitative data in psychology","author":"S. Payne","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2333393618799571","key":"pone.0325497.ref049","article-title":"Selecting a grounded theory approach for nursing research","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325497.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410383121","article-title":"Qualitative quality: eight \u201cbig-tent\u201d criteria for excellent qualitative research","volume":"16","author":"SJ Tracy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Inq"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406918758086","article-title":"Challenges when using grounded theory","volume":"17","author":"V Timonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00328-6","article-title":"\u201cEquipping and enabling\u201d health literacy during a \u201ctime of change\u201d: understanding health literacy and organisational health literacy responsiveness for people leaving prison in later life","volume":"13","author":"YIJ Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2022.2029269","article-title":"Community reintegration of previously incarcerated older adults: exploratory insights from a Canadian community residential facility program","volume":"35","author":"A Colibaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Aging Soc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03807-3","article-title":"Lost in transition? Community residential facility staff and stakeholder perspectives on previously incarcerated older adults\u2019 transitions into long-term care","volume":"23","author":"LIL Poulin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325497.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-024-00271-y","article-title":"Multi-sector stakeholder consensus on tackling the complex health and social needs of the growing population of people leaving prison in older age","volume":"12","author":"YIJ Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref056","article-title":"Developmental and life-course theories of crime.","volume-title":"Criminology and criminal justice","author":"TR McGee","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325497.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12213","article-title":"Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health\u2010based model of desistance","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref058","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk-need-responsivity model for offender assessment and rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"J Bonta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325497.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160410001662744","article-title":"The good lives model and conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"T Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Crime Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325497.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/brief-treatment\/mhi030","article-title":"The seven-stage crisis intervention model: A oad map to goal attainment, problem solving, and crisis resolution","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brief Treat Crisis Interv"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref061"},{"key":"pone.0325497.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2023.101905","article-title":"Stigma management during reintegration of older incarcerated adults with mental health issues: a qualitative analysis","volume":"89","author":"H Seaward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:55:52Z","timestamp":1750182952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325497"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Farrier,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}}}