{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:06:28Z","timestamp":1749528388162,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020170","name":"Research Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is rapidly increasing worldwide and urgent global action towards cancer control is required. Consistent with global trends, Canada is expected to experience a near doubling in new cases and cancer deaths between 2020\u20132040; population growth and ageing being the primary drivers. The projected increased cancer incidence and its associated costs is expected to further exacerbate socioeconomic inequities. Focused actions to prevent cancer, to detect it earlier when more treatable, and, to lower the risk of recurrence, must be prioritized. Almost half of all cancers are preventable, caused by risk factors that are potentially avoidable and modifiable. Integrating cancer prevention with care-based models is necessary and represents the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to control cancer. To be effective, prevention efforts must consider the cancers impacting local populations and understand how community and individual factors interact within the spatial and temporal contexts in which people live. This study is part of the Nova Scotia Community Cancer Matrix project which profiles the cancers impacting communities over time; measuring associations between cancer and socioeconomic status (SES); and determining how the joint spatial distribution of cancers can be used to address inequities, identify priority populations and strengthen prevention efforts. Using Bayesian inference to model spatio-temporal variations in 58,206 cases diagnosed in 301 communities between 2001\u20132017, across 10 preventable cancer types, we report significant disparities in cancer risk across communities based on sex and community SES. The work highlights the utility of small-area mapping to identify at-risk communities and understand how community-SES impacts risk. It also uncovers significant inequities rooted in the differential distribution of material and social capacity, operating beyond the control of individuals. The approach is implementable to other regions to inform and strengthen prevention efforts aiming at reducing the burden of cancer or that of other diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T17:43:18Z","timestamp":1749490998000},"page":"e0325523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small-area spatio-temporal analysis of cancer risk to support effective and equitable cancer prevention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-6472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Saint-Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-3744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-2942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Rainham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2510-3570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Trevor J. B.","family":"Dummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref002","author":"C Wild","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.6987","article-title":"Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"8","author":"Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107425","article-title":"Long-term projections of cancer incidence and mortality in Canada: The OncoSim all cancers model","volume":"168","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cancer incidence in Canada: trends and projections (1983\u20132032)","volume":"35","author":"L Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29040223","article-title":"The Economic Burden of Cancer in Canada from a societal perspective","volume":"29","author":"R Garaszczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref007","article-title":"Tackling financial toxicity related to cancer care in Canada","volume":"196","author":"TF Wood","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref008","article-title":"Why social inequalities matter in the cancer continuum.","volume-title":"Reducing social inequalities in cancer: evidence and priorities for research","author":"S Vaccarella","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29010018","article-title":"Equity-oriented healthcare: what it is and why we need it in oncology","volume":"29","author":"TC Horrill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr0807774","article-title":"Limits on medicare\u2019s ability to control rising spending on cancer drugs","volume":"360","author":"PB Bach","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cancer groundshot: building a robust cancer control platform in addition to launching the cancer moonshot","volume":"42","author":"M Mutebi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref012","article-title":"Almost half of cancer deaths are preventable","author":"G Guglielmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10352","key":"pone.0325523.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","article-title":"The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"KB Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref014","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12455","article-title":"Cancer prevention Europe","volume":"13","author":"CP Wild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x","article-title":"Neighborhoods and health","volume":"1186","author":"AV Diez Roux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116038","article-title":"The Nova Scotia Community Cancer Matrix: a geospatial tool to support cancer prevention","volume":"330","author":"N Saint-Jacques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-66413-7_9","article-title":"The Nova Scotia community cancer matrix: Small-area spatiotemporal estimation of local patterns of cancer co-occurrence, risk and inequity.","volume-title":"Understanding Cancer Prevention through Geospatial Science: Putting Cancer in its Place","author":"N Saint-Jacques","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref019","author":"Government of Canada SC","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref020","author":"Government of Canada SC","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139297","article-title":"Health-Risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods compared with non-deprived neighbourhoods: a systematic literature review of quantitative observational studies","volume":"10","author":"MH Algren","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref022","first-page":"83","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic factors and alcohol outcomes","volume":"38","author":"SE Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab079","article-title":"Separate and combined effects of individual and neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage on health-related lifestyle risk factors: a multilevel analysis","volume":"50","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01089-9","article-title":"Associations between neighborhood deprivation and smoking behaviors among lifetime adult smokers in the Republic of Korea: a multilevel analysis","volume":"22","author":"J Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref025","first-page":"104","article-title":"A deprivation index for health and welfare planning in Quebec","volume":"21","author":"R Pampalon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Can"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1214\/16-STS576","article-title":"Penalising model component complexity: a principled, practical approach to constructing priors","volume":"32","author":"D Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Statist Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466","article-title":"Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics","volume":"43","author":"J Besag","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Inst Stat Math"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660421","article-title":"An intuitive Bayesian spatial model for disease mapping that accounts for scaling","volume":"25","author":"A Riebler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2013.04.014","article-title":"Bayesian computing with INLA: new features","volume":"67","author":"TG Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Statistics Data Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-060116-054045","article-title":"Bayesian computing with INLA: a review","volume":"4","author":"H Rue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Stat Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6740","article-title":"Interpreting posterior relative risk estimates in disease-mapping studies","volume":"112","author":"S Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-014-0200-4","article-title":"Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of spatio-temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence risk in Georgia, USA: 2000\u20132007","volume":"16","author":"P Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref033","volume-title":"Multivariate statistical methods, a primer","author":"B Manly","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref034","volume-title":"Numerical ecology","author":"P Legendre","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref035","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Core Team R","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812437332","article-title":"Head and neck cancer in Canada: trends 1992 to 2007","volume":"147","author":"S Johnson-Obaseki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325523.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8090","article-title":"National trends in colorectal cancer incidence among older and younger adults in Canada","volume":"2","author":"DR Brenner","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref038","volume-title":"Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee, Canadian Cancer Society, Statistics Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.05.008","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of head and neck cancer in the United States: A SEER population study","volume":"75","author":"M Mourad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0325523.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17806","article-title":"Cervical cancer incidence among US Women, 2001-2019","volume":"328","author":"Z Shahmoradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34415","article-title":"Incidence and mortality trends in gastric cancer in the United States, 1992-2019","volume":"152","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref042","volume-title":"Colorectal Cancer Incidence, United States 2003\u22122019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.03.023","article-title":"Global patterns and trends in gastric cancer incidence rates (1988-2012) and predictions to 2030","volume":"161","author":"Y Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref044","article-title":"Trends in incidence of cervical cancer in England, 1985-2019","volume":"32","author":"L Fox","year":"2022","journal-title":"European J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-5166-x","article-title":"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors","volume":"233","author":"M Gormley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref046","first-page":"12","article-title":"Recent trends in prostate cancer in Canada","volume":"30","author":"AG LeBlanc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0325523.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33795","article-title":"Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, with predictions for the next 15 years","volume":"127","author":"S Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/162986","article-title":"Changing epidemiology and trends in incidence of smoking-related cancers in England, 1971-2020","volume":"9","author":"ET Taylor-Gallardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Prev Cessation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0308","article-title":"Incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer by socioeconomic status and urban residence: Canada 1991-2006","volume":"24","author":"B Guay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00171","article-title":"Global trends in incidence rates of primary adult liver cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"P Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475420960426","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and melanoma in Canada: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"HO-Y Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830254","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.830254","article-title":"Population-based study detailing cutaneous melanoma incidence and mortality trends in Canada","volume":"9","author":"S Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021","article-title":"Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040","volume":"77","author":"H Rumgay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-23-25","article-title":"Time-trends in liver cancer incidence and mortality rates in the U.S. from 1975 to 2017: a study based on the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database","volume":"14","author":"Z Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-010-9347-3","article-title":"Cancer incidence among Canadian immigrants, 1980-1998: results from a national cohort study","volume":"13","author":"S McDermott","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325523.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-1349","article-title":"Cancer incidence in migrants in Australia: patterns of three infection-related cancers","volume":"31","author":"XQ Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31527","article-title":"Global burden of cutaneous melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in 2012","volume":"143","author":"M Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-271","article-title":"Variation in incidence of breast, lung and cervical cancer and malignant melanoma of skin by socioeconomic group in England","volume":"8","author":"UK Association of Cancer Registries","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605803","article-title":"Combined effect of socioeconomic status, viral hepatitis, and lifestyles on hepatocelluar carcinoma risk in Korea","volume":"103","author":"EH Yun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.03.011","article-title":"Impact of socioeconomic status on incidence, mortality, and survival of colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"CN Manser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24003","article-title":"Socioeconomic status is inversely associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk: results from a population-based case-control study in China","volume":"9","author":"P Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1062-8","article-title":"Interaction between known risk factors for head and neck cancer and socioeconomic status: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study","volume":"29","author":"G Stanford-Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1071-7","article-title":"Impact of individual and neighborhood factors on socioeconomic disparities in localized and advanced prostate cancer risk","volume":"29","author":"MC DeRouen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31832","article-title":"Ten-year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer","volume":"125","author":"D Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32298","article-title":"Education and gastric cancer risk-An individual participant data meta-analysis in the StoP project consortium","volume":"146","author":"M Rota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(21)00763-0","article-title":"Disparities in cervical cancer incidence and neighborhood socioeconomic inequality in New York City","volume":"162","author":"S Cham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780538","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.780538","article-title":"Family socioeconomic position and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis and a mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"X Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325523.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020398","article-title":"Socio-economic inequalities in lung cancer outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"D Redondo-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad017","article-title":"Agreement between individual and neighborhood income measures in patients with colorectal cancer in Canada","volume":"115","author":"LE Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748231197580","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748231197580","article-title":"Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer incidence among women in Canada","volume":"30","author":"M Tweel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-07992-0","article-title":"Impact of social and economic factors on global thyroid cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"280","author":"Y-C Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34661","article-title":"Differences in site-specific cancer incidence by individual- and area-level income in Canada from 2006 to 2015","volume":"153","author":"P Tope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0748-7983(97)92917-6","article-title":"Head and neck cancer in the South West of England: influence of socio-economic status on incidence and second primary tumours","volume":"23","author":"P Thorne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.4.270","article-title":"Residential area deprivation predicts smoking habit independently of individual educational level and occupational social class. A cross sectional study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk)","volume":"57","author":"S Shohaimi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-41","article-title":"Joint disease mapping using six cancers in the Yorkshire region of England","volume":"7","author":"A Downing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0325523.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs346","article-title":"Contribution of behavioral risk factors and obesity to socioeconomic differences in colorectal cancer incidence","volume":"104","author":"CA Doubeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00375","article-title":"Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with neighborhood concentrated disadvantage","volume":"8","author":"D Danos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325523.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209442","article-title":"Associations between socio-economic factors and alcohol consumption: a population survey of adults in England","volume":"14","author":"E Beard","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd16.180553","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in cigarette smoking among sociodemographic groups","volume":"16","author":"BE Garrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0585","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in relation to risks of major gastrointestinal cancers in Chinese adults: A prospective study of 0.5 million people","volume":"29","author":"Y Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116138","article-title":"Contrasting socio-economic influences on colorectal cancer incidence and survival in England and Wales","volume":"333","author":"C Sturley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.01.005","article-title":"Impact of race and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on liver cancer diagnosis in patients with viral hepatitis and cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"X Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01574-x","article-title":"Geographical disparities in colorectal cancer in Canada: a review","volume":"26","author":"A Rouhafzay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw070","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer incidence and mortality in Europe-A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"A Lundqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref085","first-page":"3","article-title":"The risk of melanoma associated with ambient summer ultraviolet radiation","volume":"28","author":"L Pinault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18526","article-title":"The association of smoking and socioeconomic status on cutaneous melanoma: a population-based, data-linkage, case-control study","volume":"182","author":"JAG Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.1990.9934597","article-title":"Social connections and risk for cancer: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study","volume":"16","author":"P Reynolds","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0147-7","article-title":"Social support and cancer incidence and mortality: the JPHC study cohort II","volume":"24","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113868","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation increase cancer incidence in a cohort of Finnish middle-aged men. A longitudinal study","volume":"299","author":"S-L Kraav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325523.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1830945","article-title":"The effects of loneliness and social isolation on all-cause, injury, cancer, and CVD mortality in a cohort of middle-aged Finnish men. A prospective study","volume":"25","author":"S-L Kraav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"37","key":"pone.0325523.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5902","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i37.5902","article-title":"Effects of social isolation stress on immune response and survival time of mouse with liver cancer","volume":"11","author":"H Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1820","article-title":"The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"MH Antoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.09.001","article-title":"Biobehavioral influences on cancer progression","volume":"31","author":"ES Costanzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245190","article-title":"Social isolation stress facilitates chemically induced oral carcinogenesis","volume":"16","author":"FA Verza","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2766-x","article-title":"The alcohol harm paradox: using a national survey to explore how alcohol may disproportionately impact health in deprived individuals","volume":"16","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30052-9","article-title":"The role of alcohol use and drinking patterns in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"C Probst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.007","article-title":"The current and future burden of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in Canada: summary of results","volume":"122","author":"AE Poirier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2016.07.019","article-title":"Socioeconomic gradient in health in Canada: is the gap widening or narrowing?","volume":"120","author":"M Hajizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251430","article-title":"The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada\u2019s largest CMAs","volume":"16","author":"L Ilic","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref100","volume-title":"Is inequality bad for our health?","author":"N Daniels","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7296","key":"pone.0325523.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7296.1233","article-title":"Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al","volume":"322","author":"M Marmot","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10077","key":"pone.0325523.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30571-8","article-title":"Population health in an era of rising income inequality: USA, 1980-2015","volume":"389","author":"J Bor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0325523.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2521","article-title":"Income, poverty, and health inequality","volume":"319","author":"DA Chokshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref104","article-title":"Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on","volume":"368","author":"M Marmot","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref105","volume-title":"Nova Scotia Community Socio-Economic Status Snapshot","author":"N Saint-Jacques","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-S1-S11","article-title":"Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors","volume":"11","author":"S Leta\u0161iov\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325523.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104858","article-title":"Occupational exposures and cancer: a review of agents and relative risk estimates","volume":"75","author":"C Marant Micallef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924225","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.924225","article-title":"Editorial: environment and skin cancer","volume":"12","author":"N Yusuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0325523.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153753","article-title":"Assessing skin cancer risk factors, sun safety behaviors and melanoma concern in Atlantic Canada: a comprehensive survey study","volume":"15","author":"F Lagac\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17192","article-title":"Association between arsenic exposure and melanoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"W Shuai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.055","article-title":"Geostatistical modelling of arsenic in drinking water wells and related toenail arsenic concentrations across Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"505","author":"TJB Dummer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref112","volume-title":"An arsenic in well water risk map for Nova Scotia based on observed patterns of well water concentrations of arsenic in bedrock aquifers","author":"G Kennedy","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-44","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking water and urinary tract cancers: a systematic review of 30 years of epidemiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"N Saint-Jacques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref114","volume-title":"A review of private well contaminants, testing, and mitigation behaviours in Nova Scotia","author":"G Kennedy","year":"2020"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325523.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/w15122185","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking water and urinary tract cancers: a systematic review update","volume":"15","author":"A Issanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.014","article-title":"Estimating the risk of bladder and kidney cancer from exposure to low-levels of arsenic in drinking water, Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"110","author":"N Saint-Jacques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.012","article-title":"Estimates of the current and future burden of melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in Canada","volume":"122","author":"DE O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9661-9","article-title":"Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes","volume":"25","author":"P Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8103821","article-title":"Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based case-control study of 1,155 cases of colon cancer","volume":"8","author":"R Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12180","article-title":"Systematic review: diet-gene interactions and the risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"37","author":"V Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325523.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.9.4965","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of cancer: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"RF de Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325523.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.01.038","article-title":"Factors that affect risk for pancreatic disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"A Alsamarrai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325523.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0014-9","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"G Behrens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref124","article-title":"Association between helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Y-C Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.09.143","article-title":"Association between consumption of red and processed meat and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21440","article-title":"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States","volume":"68","author":"F Islami","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref127","first-page":"591","article-title":"Risk factors for gastric cancer: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"AR Yusefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325523.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1628","article-title":"Dietary intake of acrylamide and risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"G Adani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"pone.0325523.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2020004","article-title":"Risk factors for stomach cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"J Poorolajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325523.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430201","article-title":"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland","volume":"343","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0325523.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26869","article-title":"Environmental and genetic risk factors for gastric cancer","volume":"125","author":"D Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"5340","key":"pone.0325523.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5340.1043","article-title":"Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer","volume":"278","author":"ER Fearon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0325523.ref133","first-page":"794","article-title":"Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"W Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325523.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22809","article-title":"Risk assessment for metalworking fluids and cancer outcomes","volume":"61","author":"RM Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5327\/Z1679443520200419","article-title":"Cervical cancer related to occupational risk factors: review","volume":"18","author":"A Brito-Marcelino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trab"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325523.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac190","article-title":"Exposure to metalworking fluids and cancer incidence in the United auto workers-general motors cohort","volume":"192","author":"HL Colbeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325523.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108347","article-title":"Shift work with and without night shifts and breast cancer risk in a cohort study from Finland","volume":"80","author":"M H\u00e4rm\u00e4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325523.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-00983-9","article-title":"The association between night shift work and breast cancer risk in the Finnish twins cohort","volume":"38","author":"E Schernhammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325523.ref139","first-page":"3","article-title":"Positional accuracy of geocoding from residential postal codes versus full street addresses","volume":"29","author":"S Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T17:43:49Z","timestamp":1749491029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325523"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Visalini","family":"Nair-Shalliker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}